The COVID-19 pandemic has caused psychological distress in all the communities and through all ages. Some people seemed to be less affected and to be resilient because of a dynamic interaction between individual, relational and environmental factors.

We aim on this present study to evaluate the resilience and factors associated with it among a representative sample of Tunisian adolescents during the COVID19 pandemic.

We conducted a cross sectional, descriptive and analytic study among Tunisian adolescents enrolled in secondary schools, in the Hamma region of the city of Gabes during the period extending from 5 March to 26 May 2021. Students were asked to complete a pre-established questionnaire, which contains questions about socio demographic features, medical history and knowledge about the pandemic of covid-19. The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28) was used to evaluate the global resilience and resources contributing to it. The CYRM-28 contains three resources including individual, relationship with primary caregivers and contextual factors. Higher scores reflect higher levels of factors associated with resilience.

A total of 326 adolescents aged between 14 and 18 years old participated on this study (mean age 16.65 years 1). There were 92 boys and 234 girls. In our sample, 4% of adolescents were infected by the Covid-19. The infection of a family member by this virus was noted in 27.3 % of cases. Adolescents were exposed to the death of a family member by Covid-19 in 22.4% of cases. The Global CYRM28 score was 105 ± 22.39. We found that adolescents who had loosen a family member because of the COVID infection, were less resilient than others (100 vs 107; p=0.023). Adolescents with a moderate to low socioeconomic level were less resilient especially with regard to contextual resilience (35, 57 vs 37, 83; p= 0.019). On the other hand, adolescents keeping means of leisure during this epidemic were significantly more resilient especially in the personal resources (p = 0.024).

Our findings conclude to some individual, relational and contextual factors that contribute or alters the process of resilience. Recognizing the strengths and capacities of adolescents would allow the development of programs and resources that can help these young people develop resilience skills.

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Child depression is a public health problem. Its association with internet addiction (IA) could increase the frequency of complications and have a significant impact on the child’s psychological well-being, schooling, family and social life.

To study the clinical profile and associated factors of IA in a population of primary school children with depressive disorders.

This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 182 children with depression attending four primary schools in the government of Sfax. The study took place from 1 March 2022 to 30 June 2022. In the present study, we administered the following psychometric scales: Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS- 47), Birleson Depression Scale Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

The mean age of the children studied was 9.9 ±1.17 years and the sex ratio was 0.8. Mean score of Internet Addiction Test was 40 ±4,46. In addition, Internet addiction was identified in 73.6% of students with depression (N=143). Following a univariate analysis, internet addiction among depressed Childrens was positively correlated to individual factors such as the absence of leisure activity, the number of hours per day spent on the internet (1.63 VS 3.25, P < 0.001) and interest in accessing Tiktok (p=0.002). Internet addiction in depressed children also depended on family factors. Internet addiction was more common among childrens with a medium to high family socio-economic level (P < 0.001) in cases where parent-child communication was deemed unsatisfactory (P = 0.002) and in cases of verbal violence (P < 0.001). We were also able to establish a significant link between internet addiction among depressed pupils and significant symptoms of anxiety (P=0.019) and low self-esteem (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression revealed that medium to high socio-economic level, unsatisfactory parent-child communication, absence of leisure activities and significant symptoms of social phobia were independent predictors of Internet addiction in children with depression.

Our study highlighted the high frequency of IA in children with depression and demonstrated the implication of certain variables such as medium to high socio-economic status, disruption of the family environment, anxiety and low self-esteem. The identification of these different factors would make it possible to identify a group at risk of IA. This raises the case for introducing prevention and awareness-raising campaigns on IA among depressed children, targeting these groups and targeting health professionals and parents.

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Since December 2019, the coronavirus pandemic has led to the deaths of almost 4.37 million people worldwide and 21,905 people in Tunisia. Containment measures, stress due to fear of infection by the virus and death are likely to be traumatic events, particularly in adolescents, and may lead to the development of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

To determine the prevalence of PTSD in a population of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify the factors associated with it.

This study was a cross-sectional among a representative sample of students enrolled in secondary schools, in the region of Hamma- Gabes. We used a pre-established information sheet comprising 27 questions exploring sociodemographic and family data and specific data relating to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Arabic version of The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) was used to screen for PTSD symptoms.

326 adolescents were collected which the mean age was 16.6 years (14 to 18 years). The family environment was conflictual in 11.9% of cases. Among the adolescents, 5.5% had a history of somatic pathology. A history of psychiatric pathology was noted in 0.6%, dominated by depression. Personal infection by Covid-19 was noted in 4% of adolescents. A family member was affected in 27.3% of cases. Adolescents were exposed to the death of a close relative in 22.4% of cases. PTSD was diagnosed (according to the CPSS) in 37.4% of cases, with mild severity in 6.5%, moderate in 0.6%, moderately severe in 8%, severe in 5.2% and extremely severe in 17.2%. The analytical study showed that PTSD was correlated with a conflictual family environment (p=0.017), personal infection by COVID (P=0.003), infection of a close relative by COVID (P<0.001) and the death of a close relative by COVID (p<0.001).

According to our study, the frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic was high, underlining the need to screen at-risk populations for populations for early intervention.

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Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) represent a heterogeneous group of early-onset muscle disorders presenting primarily with hypotonia and delayed motor development. Several genes are known to be responsible for CMDs, including the LAMA2 gene, involved in merosin-deficient type 1A (MDC1A), and the FKRP gene involved in muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B5 (MDDGB5). These two forms of CMD are autosomal recessive and are each characterized by the presence of a mutation with a founder effect in South Tunisia. Cognitive development associated with the founder mutation in the LAMA2 gene (c.8007delT) is often conserved, whereas in the founder mutation of the FKRP gene (c.1364 C>A), motor impairment is associated with intellectual disability (ID).

To compare the psychological impact of motor impairment in children presenting these two forms of CMD and their families.

The study consisted of a survey of parents of children with a confirmed diagnosis of MDC1A (5 from 3 unrelated families) or MDDGB5 (3 from 3 unrelated families). The correspondent founder mutation was already identified in the homozygous state by targeted sequencing. Participants’ parents completed the Parent Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a behavioral screening tool designed for children aged from 2 to 17 years. The SDQ assesses emotional symptoms, behavior problems, hyperactivity, and peer relationships; The SDQ Impact Supplement assesses the impact of all these children’s difficulties on their families.

The average age of the children was 4.95±3.92 with two children who were not assessable by the SDQ (age< 2 years). Unlike children with MDC1A, ID has been reported in all children with MDDGB5. The mean SDQ total score for children with MDC1A was 11, whereas the mean score for children with MDDGB5 was 14.875, reflecting greater difficulty for children with MDDGB5. The family impact score was higher in families with children with MDDGB5 than in children with MDC1A (10,5 vs 7), which may be due to the burden of management of the ID associated with the motor impairment. The more pronounced difficulties associated with MDDGB5 are likely to be related to the associated ID. Whereas in MDC1A, the difficulties observed are related to the direct impact of the motor impairment. The presence of cognitive disorders associated with a motor deficit aggravates behavioral adaptation and makes the management of these children more difficult.

In the absence of a comparable study in the literature, the present is conducting future studies on the behavioral profile of children with CMD to obtain a better understanding of their difficulties in everyday life and to develop interventions adapted to their families

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