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7 results

  • 21 - The cognitive neuroscience of agency in schizophrenia

  • from Part III - Disturbances of the self: the case of schizophrenia
  • Edited by Tilo Kircher, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Germany, Anthony David, Institute of Psychiatry, London
  • Book:
    The Self in Neuroscience and Psychiatry
    Published online:
    18 December 2009
    Print publication:
    07 August 2003, pp 436-444

  • Summary

    Abstract

    Agency is the sense of ownership, i.e. the personal experience of being the originator of one's thoughts and actions (Walter, 2001). Disorders of agency are prominent in schizophrenia and may also be part of several other neuropsychiatric disorders and syndromes, e.g. alien-hand syndrome, drug-induced psychoses or anosognosia. In recent years, cognitive neuroscience has made considerable progress in understanding the neural basis of agency. In this chapter, current neurocognitive theories of agency are reviewed which are based on the assumption that an internal monitoring deficit lies at the core of disorders of agency in schizophrenia. It is demonstrated how they fail to explain several features of disturbed agency. A complementary theory is proposed which takes into account the experiences of reference and insertion of personal relatedness as well as the acknowledged role of dopamine for schizophrenia and its role as a neuromodulator regulating signal-to-noise ratio.

    The psychopathology of agency in schizophrenia

    Schizophrenic patients often report the immediate experience of someone else controlling their thoughts and actions. In addition, sometimes they feel they are in control of external events or are convinced they know what other people think. They think that things or events are related to themselves in a special way, have a personal significance or are made especially for them. The German psychiatrist Kurt Schneider emphasized these types of ideation as criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia, and because of their relative homogeneity and recognizability, they are frequently referred to as Schneiderian first-rank symptoms.

  • 2 - The history of neural network research in psychopathology

  • from Part one - General Concepts
  • Edited by Dan J. Stein, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, Jacques Ludik, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • Book:
    Neural Networks and Psychopathology
    Published online:
    12 January 2010
    Print publication:
    03 December 1998, pp 14-33

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The use of neural networks for the study of psychopathological phenomena is not new, but rather has a rich historical tradition. One striking feature of this tradition is that from the very inception of the idea of the neuron, psychiatrists have used the notion of networks and their pathology to account for psychopathological phenomena. Moreover, many advances in neural network research were either made by psychiatrists or were put forward in relation to psychopathology. In other words, neural network studies of psychopathological phenomena are by no means a ‘late add on’ to the mainstream of neural network research, but have always been at the heart of the matter. Neural networks were drawn by Freud and Exner to explain disorders of cognition, affect and consciousness. Carl Wernicke (1906) coined the term ‘Sejunktion’ to denote the functional decoupling of cortical areas, which he suggested was the cause of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. Emil Kraepelin (1892) and his group of experimentally oriented psychiatrists reasoned about associative networks and psychosis. Not least, Eugen Bleuler (1911/1950) – inspired by the experimental work carried out by his resident Carl-Gustav Jung (1906/1979) – saw the disruption of these networks as the hallmark of schizophrenia.

    Various developments in many fields have contributed to the present surge of neural network research. The historical material discussed in this chapter is organized by time and by topic.

    Present-day connectionism takes it for granted that there are neurons, summing up action potentials coming via the connections among them, the synapses. These fundamental ideas, however, have their history, and are the starting point of this chapter.

  • Lateralised semantic and indirect semantic priming effects in people with schizophrenia

  • Matthias Weisbrod, Sabine Maier, Sabine Harig, Ulrike Himmelsbach, Manfred Spitzer
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 172 / Issue 2 / February 1998
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, pp. 142-146
    Print publication:
    February 1998
  • Background

    In schizophrenia, disturbances in the development of physiological hemisphere asymmetry are assumed to play a pathogenetic role. The most striking difference between hemispheres is in language processing. The left hemisphere is superior in the use of syntactic or semantic information, whereas the right hemisphere uses contextual information more effectively.

    Method

    Using psycholinguistic experimental techniques, semantic associations were examined in 38 control subjects, 24 non-thought-disordered and 16 thought-disordered people with schizophrenia, for both hemispheres separately.

    Results

    Direct semantic priming did not differ between the hemispheres in any of the groups. Only thought-disordered people showed significant indirect semantic priming in the left hemisphere.

    Conclusions

    The results support: (a) a prominent role of the right hemisphere for remote associations; (b) enhanced spreading of semantic associations in thought-disordered subjects; and (c) disorganisation of the functional asymmetry of semantic processing in thought-disordered subjects.

  • Reconquest of the subjective

  • Manfred Spitzer, Michael Allan Schwartz
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 161 / Issue 3 / September 1992
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, pp. 420-421
    Print publication:
    September 1992
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