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Although there is some evidence that duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is geographically stable, few have examined whether the phenomenon is temporally stable. We examined DUP in two cohorts within two discrete time periods (1995–1999 and 2003–2005) spanning a decade in the same geographically defined community psychiatric service with no early intervention programme. Patients were diagnosed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID) and we determined the DUP using the Beiser Scale. The DUP of the 240 participants did not differ significantly between study periods.
The history of the book is now recognized as a field of central importance for understanding the cultural changes that swept through Tudor England. This companion aims to provide a comprehensive guide to the issues relevant to theearly printed book, covering the significant cultural, social and technological developments from 1476 (the introduction of printing to England) to 1558 (the death of Mary Tudor). Divided into thematic sections (the printed booktrade; the book as artefact; patrons, purchasers and producers; and the cultural capital of print), it considers the social, historical, and cultural context of the rise of print, with the problems as well as advantages of the transmission from manuscript to print. the printers of the period; the significant Latin trade and its effect on the English market; paper, types, bindings, and woodcuts and other decorative features which create the packaged book; and the main sponsors and consumers of the printed book: merchants, the lay clientele, secular and religious clergy, and the two Universities, as well as secular colleges and chantries. Further topics addressed include humanism, women translators, and the role of censorship and the continuity of Catholic publishing from that time. The book is completed with a chronology and detailed indices. Vincent Gillespie is J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford; Susan Powell held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York. Contributors: Tamara Atkin, Alan Coates, Thomas Betteridge, Julia Boffey, James Clark, A.S.G. Edwards, Martha W. Driver, Mary Erler, Alexandra Gilespie, Vincent Gillespie, Andrew Hope, Brenda Hosington, Susan Powerll, Pamela Robinson, AnneF. Sutton, Daniel Wakelin, James Willoughby, Lucy Wooding
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
Edited by
Vincent Gillespie, J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language at the University of Oxford,Susan Powell, Held a Chair in Medieval Texts and Culture at the University of Salford, and is currently affiliated to the Universities of London and York
The purpose of this article is to examine the language of girls and boys between 8 and 30 months of age, using the Quebec French version of The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories. The findings from this parental report measure confirm those of earlier research, which showed the linguistic superiority of girls over boys at a young age. More specifically, the results show that girls produce significantly more words than boys; their utterances contain a greater number of grammatical forms, and are more complex syntactically. On the qualitative level, the data illustrate distinctive characteristics associated with gender in the acquisition of the first 100 words. These findings suggest that caution is necessary when assessing young children to interpret performance in light of factors that may contribute to it, including gender. These results are discussed in light of whether separate normative data are warranted for young boys and girls learning Canadian French.
Children who require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems while they are in the process of acquiring language face unique challenges because they use graphic symbols for communication. In contrast to the situation of typically developing children, they use different modalities for comprehension (auditory) and expression (visual). This study explored the ability of three- and four-year-old children without disabilities to perform tasks involving sequences of graphic symbols. Thirty participants were asked to transpose spoken simple sentences into graphic symbols by selecting individual symbols corresponding to the spoken words, and to interpret graphic symbol utterances by selecting one of four photographs corresponding to a sequence of three graphic symbols. The results showed that these were not simple tasks for the participants, and few of them performed in the expected manner – only one in transposition, and only one-third of participants in interpretation. Individual response strategies in some cases lead to contrasting response patterns. Children at this age level have not yet developed the skills required to deal with graphic symbols even though they have mastered the corresponding spoken language structures.
Random cross-linking in rubbers produces local variations in the elasticity of the network. These variations, whose characteristic size lies in the range 1-100 nm, are revealed when the rubber is swollen in a low molecular weight solvent, owing to the competition between the osmotic pressure of the solvent and the local elastic constraints, which affects the local polymer concentration. Such concentration fluctuations can be measured by small angle X-ray or neutron scattering (SAXS or SANS) as well as by dynamic light scattering.
In filled elastomers, the filler modifies the distribution of the polymer and of the elastic constraints. Swelling these systems in a solvent in which the deuteron/proton ratio can be varied permits the different components in the scattering function of the polymer and of the filler to be separated. Observations on silica particles in a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) rubber yield measurements not only of the surface area of the particles but also of the fraction of the surface area occupied by the polymer. Analysis of the dynamic light scattering response of these systems gives confirmation of the validity of the procedure.
Coherent X-ray scattering measurements, combined with dynamic light scattering measurements of the filled uncross-linked polymer melts in the absence of solvent reveal that the structural relaxation process that follows an external mechanical perturbation is a diffusioncontrolled process.
Recognition between leguminous plants and the specific rhizobial strains that nodulate them is mediated via a regulon of nodulation (nod) genes present in the bacteria. These nod genes are induced by flavonoids secreted from legume roots. Many of the nod gene products are involved in the synthesis of host-specific signals that are recognised by appropriate legume hosts. Recently (Lerouge et al., 1990), the signal molecule made by one strain of Rhizobium meliloti was identified as an acylated and sulphated, tetraglucosamine glycolipid and there is strong evidence that Rhizobium leguminosarum makes related but structurally distinct signals.
On the basis of these observations it is now possible to make sense of several similarities that have been recognised between nod gene products and enzymes of known function. Thus, for example, it appears that the nodM gene product is involved in the formation of glucosamine precursors of the signal molecule, whilst other gene products are likely to be involved in specific substitutions that confer host specificity to the signal molecule.
In addition to those nod gene products that are involved in the synthesis of the glycolipid, it is evident that there are other genes which may carry out a different role. Of particular interest is the nodO gene which encodes a secreted Ca2+-binding protein that has the potential to interact directly with plant cells. In the absence of the nodFEL genes, nodO is necessary for nodulation, indicating that the NodO protein can compensate for the loss of nodFEL function during infection.
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