Compliance with epidemic prevention norms has been found to be higher in developing regions than in developed regions; however, the nature and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We propose that socioeconomic development of environments changes the adaptive benefits of fundamental social motives, especially disease avoidance and familial motives, which shape variations in compliance during pandemics. To examine the effects of these motives on the relationship between socioeconomic environments and compliance, we conducted three studies measuring environmental socioeconomic development with the Human Development Index (HDI). Study 1 (with two datasets: N = 43,244, 53 countries; N = 94,657, 71 countries) revealed a stable negative correlation between country-level HDI and compliance, even after controlling disease severity, government responses, and individualism. Studies 2 (an analysis of social media text data; N = 22,588, 31 provinces) and 3 (a large-sample survey; N = 6,122, 31 cities) replicated this correlation in China at the provincial and city levels, and identified disease avoidance and familial motives as mediators. These findings provide evidence for how socioeconomic environments shape compliance during pandemics, highlight the importance of familial motives alongside disease avoidance, and offer insights into tailoring public health strategies across diverse environments.

This study develops wavenumber–frequency spectrum models for wall-pressure fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers on flat plates and cylinders in compressible flow. Through non-dimensionalisation and solution of the momentum and continuity equations, a unified physical framework integrating near-field pressure and far-field acoustic regions is established, extending Lighthill’s acoustic analogy. Starting from the fluctuating pressure governing equation, Mach number effects in the acoustic region are explicitly introduced for the first time, and unified analytical expressions across the full wavenumber range are derived for both geometries. The proposed models achieve high-precision prediction across the entire wavenumber domain. Validation is performed via cylinder wind tunnel experiments at Mach $0.12$–$0.18$ and flat-plate direct numerical simulation (DNS) at Mach $0.1$–$0.5$. Compared with classical models such as Chase II, Smol’yakov and Corcos, the present model shows better agreement with experimental and DNS data, particularly in low-wavenumber and acoustic regions, improving prediction accuracy by more than $10$ dB. Key findings: (i) acoustic amplitude highly correlates with Mach number, while the convective ridge does not; (ii) the acoustic of flat-plate boundary is defined by $k_{1}^{2} + k_{3}^{2} - (k_{0} - Mak_{1})^{2} = 0$, where $k$ is the wavenumber and $Ma$ is the Mach number; (iii) the cylinder model degenerates to the flat-plate form as the curvature radius approaches infinity, with curvature effects confined mainly to the acoustic region and large circumferential wavenumbers. This work provides a physically self-consistent and practical engineering spectral model with significantly enhanced predictive capability under compressible-flow conditions.

Background: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from urine cultures often reflects colonization, however true urinary tract infection (UTI) can occur. At Massachusetts General Hospital, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is routinely performed on urinary S. maltophilia isolates when present in at least moderate amounts or is the predominating organism from a non-sterile culture source. We evaluated patients with S. maltophilia urinary isolates to characterize treatment practices, determine the proportion of isolates representing definitive UTI, and assess recurrence by treatment status to evaluate whether limiting routine AST could reduce laboratory workload and avoid unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with positive urine cultures containing S. maltophilia between May 1, 2021 and May 1, 2024. Patients were excluded if they were treated for asymptomatic bacteriuria due to pregnancy or an upcoming urologic procedure, had a repeat urine S. maltophilia isolate within 14 days of index culture, had concomitant systemic infection treated with an antibiotic active against S. maltophilia, or died before recurrence evaluation. The primary objective was to characterize treatment decisions when S. maltophilia was isolated in urine culture. Secondary objectives included determining the frequency of true S. maltophilia UTI and evaluating recurrence based on whether the infection was treated. We defined definitive UTI as localized urinary symptoms with pyuria; possible UTI as systemic symptoms not explained by other causes or localized symptoms with an alternative etiology, with pyuria; and unlikely UTI as no symptoms reported or documented with or without pyuria. Results: A total of S. maltophilia directed therapy, despite only 19 (15.6%) meeting criteria for definitive UTI. In 11 cases, treatment was administered despite UTI being classified as unlikely. Among total untreated urine cultures (n=83) and definitive infections that were untreated (n=7), recurrent S. maltophilia infection was uncommon (3.6% and 0%, respectively). Conclusion: In our cohort, few urinary S. maltophilia isolates were reflective of definitive UTI, and withholding targeted therapy was associated with low recurrence. These findings suggest many isolates reflect colonization, particularly in patients with urinary instrumentation, and support consideration of a more selective approach to AST and antibiotic prescribing when isolated in urine culture.

Objectives/Goals: This study investigates how VR-based Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) training enhances prospection and self-regulation mechanisms in children with ADHD by engaging neural processes of future-oriented planning within ecologically valid virtual contexts. Methods/Study Population: This randomized controlled trial included 80 typically developing children aged 4–10 years, randomly assigned to a VR intervention group (n=40) receiving 10 days of gamified Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) combined with conventional executive function training, or an active control group (n=40) receiving only conventional training. Intervention efficacy was evaluated using pre- and post-tests with five standardized measures: the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), grade-specific Executive Function Assessment Scales (Grades 1–3 or 4–5), Children’s Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI), Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale (VADRS). Results/Anticipated Results: Mixed-design ANOVA revealed that the VR-EFT intervention significantly enhanced cognitive and emotional regulation, while traditional training showed advantages in behavioral control and planning, reflecting the dual-system nature of executive functions. BRIEF and EFAS results were consistent, showing significant gains in inhibition, emotional control, planning, and working memory (η²=0.06–0.17). CHEXI indicated that the VR group improved in working memory and regulation, whereas the control group performed better in behavioral-level planning and inhibition. CBCL and Vanderbilt results showed reduced aggression, hyperactivity, and oppositional symptoms (η²=0.056–0.138), highlighting VR-EFT’s efficacy in enhancing self-regulation and reducing externalizing behaviors. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Findings suggest that VR-based Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) training effectively strengthens children’s cognitive–emotional executive functions and self-regulation. By integrating future-oriented cognition into intervention models, it provides a novel, evidence-based approach to enhancing executive development.

Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] is one of the most common and malignant weeds that seriously affect wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. Investigating its germination ecology and competitive dynamics with wheat is essential for predicting its potential invasion areas and developing effective management strategies. This study evaluated the effects of key environmental factors (pH, temperature, light, salinity, osmotic stress, and burial depth) on the seed germination and emergence of L. perenne ssp. multiflorum, and further quantified the impact of varying weed densities on wheat yield. The results showed that L. perenne ssp. multiflorum exhibits broad adaptability to environmental conditions. Optimal germination (70% to 86%) occurred at constant temperatures of 10 to 25 C. High germination rates (84% to 98%) were sustained across a wide pH range (4 to 10). Germination remained above 50% at osmotic potentials as low as −0.7 MPa. The germination rate of L. perenne ssp. multiflorum decreases with the increase in salt concentration, and was completely inhibited at 300 mM NaCl. Emergence was highest (92%) at 2-cm burial depth, remained above 80% from 0.5 to 6 cm, declined sharply beyond 10 cm, and was negligible at 14 cm. Field experiments demonstrated a density-dependent reduction in wheat yield by competition from L. perenne ssp. multiflorum, primarily through decreased wheat spike density and grains per spike, thereby reducing yield. Increasing wheat sowing density from 67.5 to 202.5 kg ha−1 could significantly mitigate these losses. These findings provide critical insights into the ecological adaptability of L. perenne ssp. multiflorum and its potential impact on agricultural systems, which can inform integrated weed management strategies.

Let $\mathbb {N}$ be the set of all nonnegative integers. For a set $A\subseteq \mathbb {N}$, let $R_2(A,n)$ and $R_3(A,n)$ be the number of solutions of the equation $n=a_1+a_2$ with $a_1<a_2, a_1,a_2\in A$ and with $a_1\le a_2, a_1,a_2\in A$, respectively. If $-N\le g\le N$, Yan [‘On the structure of partition which the difference of their representation function is a constant’, Period. Math. Hungar. 82 (2021), 149–152] showed that there is a set $A\subseteq \mathbb {N}$ such that $R_i(A,n)-R_i(\mathbb {N}\setminus A,n)=g$ for all integers $n\ge 2N-1$, where N is a positive integer. In this paper, we prove that if $g_1,g_2$ are nonnegative integers with $g_1\neq g_2$, then there does not exist $A\subseteq \mathbb {N}$ such that $R_i(A,2n)-R_i(\mathbb {N}\setminus A,2n)=g_1$ and $R_i(A,2n+1)-R_i(\mathbb {N}\setminus A,2n+1)=g_2$ for all sufficiently large integers n.

The diversity and stability of the gut microbiota, along with various microbial and host–microbe interactions, are crucial factors in maintaining a healthy state. In this study, a total of 12 healthy 1–2 years old cats of similar weight were recruited and divided into two groups according to the experimental design and breed: the British shorthair (BS) group and the nulla luctus felis (NLF) group. After 21 days of the same diet, we analyzed and compared the gut microbiota of BS and NLF. Our results showed that the values of the serum biochemical indicators of the BS and NLF selected for this experiment were within the normal range. The Venn diagram showed that the two groups had 310 common operational taxonomic units. Significant differences in beta diversity (P < 0.05), but not in alpha diversity (P > 0.05), distinguished the two groups. Comparative analysis revealed the NLF group was enriched in Lactobacillus and Bacillus, but depleted in Enterococcus at the genus level (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 59 taxa were established as biomarkers based on a linear discriminant analysis score greater than 3.5. According to PICRUSt2 function analyses, the BS group and NLF group had a ratio of 77.11% and 76.55% for metabolism at level 1, respectively. At level 3, the NLF group significantly increased 15 metabolism pathways, while decreasing 13 metabolism pathways (P < 0.05). Finally, NLF-P1, which was screened from the feces of NLF, exhibited a good antibacterial effect on three strains of pet-associated pathogens, and the evolutionary tree was constructed to show that it may be Lactobacillus paracasei or Lactobacillus casei. In conclusion, there were significant differences in intestinal microbiota composition between BS and NLF, and NLF-P1 has research and application potential.

We consider a class of sequence $c(n)$ with the following asymptotic form:

$$ \begin{align*}c(n) \sim \frac C{n^\kappa} \exp\left(\sum_{\lambda\in\mathcal S}A_\lambda n^\lambda \right) \sum_{\mu\in\mathcal T} \frac{\beta_\mu}{n^\mu} \qquad (n \to \infty).\end{align*} $$

$c(n)$

$c(n)$

$\ell $

$S_n$

$\mathfrak {su}(3)$

$\mathfrak {so}(5),$

Let $\mathcal{G}$ be the class of all connected simple graphs. The Hoffman program of graphs with respect to a spectral invariant $\lambda(G)$ consists of determining all the limit points of the set $\{\lambda(G)\,\vert\, G\in\mathcal{G}\}$ and characterising all $G$’s such that $\lambda(G)$ does not exceed a fixed limit point. In this paper, we study the Hoffman program for Laplacian matching polynomials of graphs in regard to their largest Laplacian matching roots. Precisely, we determine all the limit points of the largest Laplacian matching roots of graphs less than $\tau = 2+\omega^{\frac{1}{2}}+\omega^{-\frac{1}{2}}(=4.38+)$, and then characterise the connected graphs with the largest Laplacian matching roots less than $2+\sqrt{5}$, where $\omega=\frac{1}{3}(\sqrt[3]{19+3\sqrt{33}}+\sqrt[3]{19-3\sqrt{33}}+1)$.

In this paper, we will investigate the following inequality

\begin{equation*}(a_{n+1}a_{n+2} - a_{n}a_{n+3})^2 -(a_{n+1}^2 -a_{n}a_{n+2})(a_{n+2}^2 - a_{n}a_{n+4}) \gt 0,\end{equation*}

which arises from the iterated Laguerre operator on functions. We will prove the sequence $\{a_n\}$ of a unified form given by Griffin, Ono, Rolen and Zagier asymptotically satisfies this inequality while the Maclaurin coefficients of the functions in Laguerre-Pólya class have not to possess this inequality. We also prove the companion version of this inequality. As a consequence, we show the Maclaurin coefficients of the Riemann Ξ-function asymptotically satisfy this property. Moreover, we make this approach effective and give the exact thresholds for the positivity of this inequalityfor the partition function, the overpartition function and the smallest part function.

Sound entering the ear is known not only to transmit signals to the nerve system, but also to generate vortex-like steady streaming in the cochlea. This streaming has been suggested as the primary vehicle for drug delivery in the inner ear (Sumner, Mestel & Reichenbach, 2021, Sci. Rep., vol. 11, 57). An alternative vehicle by pure diffusion alone has also been suggested by Sadreev et al. (2019, Front. Cell. Neurosci., vol. 13, 161). This paper purports to examine both mechanisms analytically, and compare their relative importance, based on the two-dimensional model of Allen (1977, Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 61, 110–119). First, we reconstruct the fluid mechanics of the Békséy vortices by an asymptotic theory of multiple scales as a complement to the two-dimensional numerical theory of Edom, Obrist & Kleiser (2014, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 753, 254–278). For discerning the difference between Sumner, Mestel & Reichenbach (2021) and Sadreev et al. (2019), we combine sound-induced streaming and molecular diffusion by modeling the drug as a solute of known diffusivity. It will be shown that due to the high frequency of sound, advection is augmented by the Lagrangian velocity, but molecular diffusion still dominates drug transport in the cochlear duct, unlike Taylor dispersion of pollutant by tides in a shallow river.

The study aims were to present in vitro susceptibilities of clinical isolates from Gram-negative bacteria bloodstream infections (GNBSI) collected in China. GNBSI isolates were collected from 18 tertiary hospitals in 7 regions of China from 2018 to 2020. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were assessed using a Trek Diagnostic System. Susceptibility was determined using CLSI broth microdilution, and breakpoints were interpreted using CLSI M100 (2021). A total of 1,815 GNBSI strains were collected, with E. coli (42.4%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.6%) being the most prevalent species, followed by P. aeruginosa (6.7%). Susceptibility analyses revealed low susceptibilities (<40%) of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumonia to third-/fourth-generation cephalosporins, monobactamases, and fluoroquinolones. High susceptibilities to colistin (95.0%) and amikacin (81.3%) were found for K. pneumoniae, while Acinetobacter baumannii exhibited a high susceptibility (99.2%) to colistin but a low susceptibility to other antimicrobials (<27.5%). Isolates from ICUs displayed lower drug susceptibility rates of K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii than isolates from non-ICUs (all P < 0.05). Carbapenem-resistant and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae detection was different across regions (both P < 0.05). E. coli and K. pneumoniae were major contributors to GNBSI, while A. baumannii exhibited severe drug resistance in isolates obtained from ICU departments.