To realise the overall calibration of the error model coefficients of accelerometers in an inertial combination and to improve the navigation accuracy of the inertial navigation system, a norm-observation method is applied to the calibration, especially for the quadratic coefficient of the accelerometer. The Taylor formula is used to expand the solution of the acceleration model, and the intermediate variables with error model coefficients are obtained using the least square method. The formulas for calculating the quadratic term coefficient, scale factor and bias of the accelerometer are given. A 20-position method is designed to calibrate the accelerometer combination, the effectiveness of the method is verified by simulation, and the effects of installation misalignment and rod-arm error on calibration accuracy are analysed. The results show that the installation misalignments and rod-arm errors have little influence on the coefficient calibration, less than 10−8, and can be neglected in a practical calibration process.

Observations of the intracluster medium (ICM) in the outskirts of galaxy clusters reveal shocks associated with gas accretion from the cosmic web. Previous work based on non-radiative cosmological hydrodynamical simulations have defined the shock radius, $r_{\text{shock}}$, using the ICM entropy, $K \propto T/{n_\mathrm{e}}^{2/3}$, where T and $n_{\text{e}}$ are the ICM temperature and electron density, respectively; the $r_{\text{shock}}$ is identified with either the radius at which K is a maximum or at which its logarithmic slope is a minimum. We investigate the relationship between $r_{\text{shock}}$, which is driven by gravitational hydrodynamics and shocks, and the splashback radius, $r_{\text{splash}}$, which is driven by the gravitational dynamics of cluster stars and dark matter and is measured from their mass profile. Using 324 clusters from The Three Hundred project of cosmological galaxy formation simulations, we quantify statistically how $r_{\text{shock}}$ relates to $r_{\text{splash}}$. Depending on our definition, we find that the median $r_{\text{shock}} \simeq 1.38 r_{\text{splash}} (2.58 R_{200})$ when K reaches its maximum and $r_{\text{shock}} \simeq 1.91 r_{\text{splash}} (3.54 R_{200})$ when its logarithmic slope is a minimum; the best-fit linear relation increases as $r_{\text{shock}} \propto 0.65 r_{\text{splash}}$. We find that $r_{\text{shock}}/R_{200}$ and $r_{\text{splash}}/R_{200}$ anti-correlate with virial mass, $M_{200}$, and recent mass accretion history, and $r_{\text{shock}}/r_{\text{splash}}$ tends to be larger for clusters with higher recent accretion rates. We discuss prospects for measuring $r_{\text{shock}}$ observationally and how the relationship between $r_{\text{shock}}$ and $r_{\text{splash}}$ can be used to improve constraints from radio, X-ray, and thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich surveys that target the interface between the cosmic web and clusters.

Although dietary factors have been examined as potential risk factors for liver cancer, the evidence is still inconclusive. Using a diet-wide association analysis, our research evaluated the associations of 126 foods and nutrients on the risk of liver cancer in a Chinese population. We obtained the diet consumption of 72,680 women in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study using baseline dietary questionnaires. The association between each food and nutrient and liver cancer risk was quantified by Cox regression model. A false discovery rate of 0.05 was used to determine the foods and nutrients which need to be verified. Totally 256 incident liver cancer cases were identified in 1,267,391 person-years during the follow-up duration. At the statistical significance level (P ≤ 0.05), higher intakes of cooked wheaten foods, pear, grape and copper were inversely associated with liver cancer risk, while spinach, leafy vegetables, eggplant and carrots showed the positive associations. After considering multiple comparisons, no dietary variable was associated with liver cancer risk. Similar findings were seen in the stratification, secondary and sensitivity analyses. Our findings observed no significant association between dietary factors and liver cancer risk after considering multiple comparisons in Chinese women. More evidence is needed to explore the associations between diet and female liver cancer occurrence.

Isolated multi-MeV $\gamma$-rays with attosecond duration, high collimation and beam angular momentum (BAM) may find many interesting applications in nuclear physics, astrophysics, etc. Here, we propose a scheme to generate such $\gamma$-rays via nonlinear Thomson scattering of a rotating relativistic electron sheet driven by a few-cycle twisted laser pulse interacting with a micro-droplet target. Our model clarifies the laser intensity threshold and carrier-envelope phase effect on the generation of the isolated electron sheet. Three-dimensional numerical simulations demonstrate the $\gamma$-ray emission with 320 attoseconds duration and peak brilliance of $9.3\times 10^{24}$ photons s${}^{-1}$ mrad${}^{-2}$ mm${}^{-2}$ per 0.1$\%$ bandwidth at 4.3 MeV. The $\gamma$-ray beam carries a large BAM of $2.8 \times 10^{16}\mathrm{\hslash}$, which arises from the efficient BAM transfer from the rotating electron sheet, subsequently leading to a unique angular distribution. This work should promote the experimental investigation of nonlinear Thomson scattering of rotating electron sheets in large laser facilities.

We consider linear-fractional branching processes (one-type and two-type) with immigration in varying environments. For $n\ge0$, let $Z_n$ count the number of individuals of the nth generation, which excludes the immigrant who enters the system at time n. We call n a regeneration time if $Z_n=0$. For both the one-type and two-type cases, we give criteria for the finiteness or infiniteness of the number of regeneration times. We then construct some concrete examples to exhibit the strange phenomena caused by the so-called varying environments. For example, it may happen that the process is extinct, but there are only finitely many regeneration times. We also study the asymptotics of the number of regeneration times of the model in the example.

Sediments within accretionary complexes, preserving key information on crust growth history of Central Asian Orogenic Belt, did not get enough attention previously. Here, we conduct comprehensive geochemical study on the turbidites from the North Tianshan Accretionary Complex (NTAC) in the Chinese West Tianshan orogen, which is a good example of sediments derived from juvenile materials. The turbidites, composed of sandstone, siltstone, and argillaceous siliceous rocks, are mainly Carboniferous. All the investigated samples have relatively low Chemical Index of Alteration values (35–63) and Plagioclase Index of Alteration values (34–68), indicating relatively weak weathering before erosion and deposition. The sandstone and siltstone, and slate samples display high Index of Compositional Variability values of 0.89–1.50 and 0.89–0.93, suggesting a relatively immature source. The sandstones and siltstones were mainly derived from intermediate igneous rocks, and the slates from felsic igneous rocks, formed in oceanic/continental arc settings. The investigated samples roughly display high positive εNd(t) values (mainly at +5.5 to +7.9, except one spot at +0.8), with corresponding Nd model ages at 672 Ma–522 Ma (except one at ∼1.1 Ga). Combined with the previous studies, we suggest that the turbidites in the NTAC were mainly derived from intermediate to felsic igneous rocks with juvenile arc signature, and thus the northern Chinese West Tianshan is a typical site with significant Phanerozoic crust growth.

As a required sample preparation method for 14C graphite, the Zn-Fe reduction method has been widely used in various laboratories. However, there is still insufficient research to improve the efficiency of graphite synthesis, reduce modern carbon contamination, and test other condition methodologies at Guangxi Normal University (GXNU). In this work, the experimental parameters, such as the reduction temperature, reaction time, reagent dose, Fe powder pretreatment, and other factors, in the Zn-Fe flame sealing reduction method for 14C graphite samples were explored and determined. The background induced by the sample preparation process was (2.06 ± 0.55) × 10–15, while the 12C– beam current were better than 40μA. The results provide essential instructions for preparing 14C graphite of ∼1 mg at the GXNU lab and technical support for the development of 14C dating and tracing, contributing to biology and environmental science.

A new vacuum line to extract CO2 from carbonate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water was established at Guangxi Normal University. The vacuum line consisted of two main components: a CO2 bubble circulation region and a CO2 purification collection region, both of which were made of quartz glass and metal pipelines. To validate its reliability, a series of carbonate samples were prepared using this system. The total recovery rate of CO2 extraction and graphitization exceeded 80%. Furthermore, the carbon content in calcium carbonate exhibited a linear relationship with the CO2 pressure within the system, demonstrating its stability and reliability. The system was also employed to prepare and analyze various samples, including calcium carbonate blanks, foraminiferal, shell, groundwater, and subsurface oil-water samples. The accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) results indicated that the average beam current for 12C- in the samples exceeded 40 μA. Additionally, the contamination introduced during the liquid sample preparation process was approximately (1.77 ± 0.57) × 10−14. Overall, the graphitized preparation system for carbonate and DIC in water exhibited high efficiency and recovery, meeting the requirements for samples dating back to approximately 30,000 years.

For the launch vehicle attitude control problem, traditional methods can seldom accurately identify the fault types, making the control method lack of pertinence, which largely affects the effect of attitude control. This paper proposes an active fault tolerant control strategy, which mainly includes fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control. In the fault diagnosis part, a small deviation attitude dynamics model of the launch vehicle is established, Kalman filters with different structures are designed to detect and isolate faults through residual changes, and the fault quantity of the actuator is further estimated. In the fault tolerant control part, the following control scheme is adopted according to the above diagnostic information: when the sensor fault is detected, the sensor measurement data is reconstructed; when the actuator fault is identified, the control allocation matrix is reconstructed. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively diagnose sensor fault and actuator faults, and significantly improve attitude tracking accuracy and control adjustment time.

Burden of bacteraemia is rising due to increased average life expectancy in developed countries. This study aimed to compare the epidemiology and outcomes of bacteraemia in two similarly ageing populations with different ethnicities in Singapore and Denmark. Historical cohorts from the second largest acute-care hospital in Singapore and in the hospitals of two Danish regions included patients aged 15 and above who were admitted from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2016 with at least 1 day of hospital stay and a pathogenic organism identified. Among 13 144 and 39 073 bacteraemia patients from Singapore and Denmark, similar 30-day mortality rates (16.5%; 20.3%), length of hospital stay (median 14 (IQR: 9–28) days; 11 (6–21)), and admission rate to ICU (15.5%; 15.6%) were observed, respectively. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus ranked among the top four in both countries. However, Singaporeans had a higher proportion of patients with diabetes (46.8%) and renal disease (29.5%) than the Danes (28.0% and 13.7%, respectively), whilst the Danes had a higher proportion of patients with chronic pulmonary disease (18.0%) and malignancy (35.3%) than Singaporeans (9.7% and 16.2%, respectively). Our study showed that top four causative organisms and clinical outcomes were similar between the two cohorts despite pre-existing comorbidities differed.

This study investigates the impacts of the timing of an extreme cyclone that occurred in August 2012 on the sea-ice volume evolution based on the Arctic Ice Ocean Prediction System (ArcIOPS). By applying a novel cyclone removal algorithm to the atmospheric forcing during 4–12 August 2012, we superimpose the derived cyclone component onto the atmospheric forcing one month later or earlier. This study finds that although the extreme cyclone leads to strong sea-ice volume loss in all runs, large divergence occurs in sea-ice melting mechanism in response to various timing of the cyclone. The extreme cyclone occurred in August, when enhanced ice volume loss is attributed to ice bottom melt primarily and ice surface melt secondarily. If the cyclone occurs one month earlier, ice surface melt dominates ice volume loss, and earlier appearance of open water within the ice zone initiates positive ice-albedo feedback, leading to a long lasting of the cyclone-induced impacts for approximately one month, and eventually a lower September ice volume. In contrast, if the cyclone occurs one month later, ice bottom melt entirely dominates ice volume loss, and the air-open water heat flux in the ice zone tends to offset ice volume loss.

Soft drink consumption has become a highly controversial public health issue. Given the pattern of consumption in China, sugar-sweetened beverage is the main type of soft drink consumed. Due to containing high levels of fructose, a soft drink may have a deleterious effect on handgrip strength (HGS) due to oxidative stress, inflammation and insulin resistance. However, few studies show an association between soft drink consumption and HGS in adults. We aimed to investigate the association between soft drink consumption and longitudinal changes in HGS among a Chinese adult population. A longitudinal population-based cohort study (5-year follow-up, median: 3·66 years) was conducted in Tianjin, China. A total of 11 125 participants (56·7 % men) were enrolled. HGS was measured using a handheld digital dynamometer. Soft drink consumption (mainly sugar-containing carbonated beverages) was measured at baseline using a validated FFQ. ANCOVA was used to evaluate the association between soft drink consumption and annual change in HGS or weight-adjusted HGS. After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, the least square means (95 % CI) of annual change in HGS across soft drink consumption frequencies were −0·70 (–2·49, 1·09) for rarely drinks, −0·82 (–2·62, 0·97) for < 1 cup/week and −0·86 (–2·66, 0·93) for ≥ 1 cup/week (Pfor trend < 0·05). Likewise, a similar association was observed between soft drink consumption and annual change in weight-adjusted HGS. The results indicate that higher soft drink consumption was associated with faster HGS decline in Chinese adults.

Recent studies have shown that superimposing rhythmic perturbations to oscillating tailbeats could simultaneously enhance both the thrust and efficiency (Lehn et al., Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 2, 2017, p. 023101; Chao et al., PNAS Nexus, vol. 3, 2024, p. 073). However, these investigations were conducted with a tethered flapping foil, overlooking the self-propulsion intrinsic to real swimming fish. Here, we investigate how the high-frequency, low-amplitude superimposed rhythmic perturbations impact the self-propelled pitching and heaving swimming of a rigid foil. The swimming-speed-based Reynolds number ranges from 1400 to 2700 in our study, depending on superimposed perturbations and swimming modes. Numerical results reveal that perturbations significantly increase swimming speeds in both pitching and heaving motions, while enhancing efficiency exclusively in the heaving motion. Further derived scaling laws elucidate the relationships of perturbations with speeds, power costs and efficiency, respectively. These findings not only hypothesise the potential advantages of perturbations in biological systems, but also inspire designs and controls in biomimetic propulsion and manoeuvring within aquatic environments.

The hydrodynamics of a self-propelling swimmer undergoing intermittent S-start swimming are investigated extensively with varying duty cycle $DC$, swimming period $T$, and tailbeat amplitude $A$. We find that the steady time-averaged swimming speed $\bar {U}_x$ increases directly with $A$, but varies inversely with $DC$ and $T$, where there is a maximal improvement of $541.29\,\%$ over continuous cruising swimming. Our results reveal two scaling laws, in the form of input versus output relations, that relate the swimmer's kinematics to its hydrodynamic performance: swimming speed and efficiency. A smaller $DC$ causes increased fluctuations in the swimmer's velocity generation. A larger $A$, on the other hand, allows the swimmer to reach steady swimming more quickly. Although we set out to determine scaling laws for intermittent S-start swimming, these scaling laws extend naturally to burst-and-coast and continuous modes of swimming. Additionally, we have identified, categorized and linked the wake structures produced by intermittent S-start swimmers with their velocity generation.

Childhood maltreatment is an established risk factor for psychopathology. However, it remains unclear how childhood traumatic events relate to mental health problems and how the brain is involved. This study examined the serial mediation effect of brain morphological alterations and emotion-/reward-related functions on linking the relationship from maltreatment to depression. We recruited 156 healthy adolescents and young adults and an additional sample of 31 adolescents with major depressive disorder for assessment of childhood maltreatment, depressive symptoms, cognitive reappraisal and anticipatory/consummatory pleasure. Structural MRI data were acquired to identify maltreatment-related cortical and subcortical morphological differences. The mediation models suggested that emotional maltreatment of abuse and neglect, was respectively associated with increased gray matter volume in the ventral striatum and greater thickness in the middle cingulate cortex. These structural alterations were further related to reduced anticipatory pleasure and disrupted cognitive reappraisal, which contributed to more severe depressive symptoms among healthy individuals. The above mediating effects were not replicated in our clinical group partly due to the small sample size. Preventative interventions can target emotional and reward systems to foster resilience and reduce the likelihood of future psychiatric disorders among individuals with a history of maltreatment.

The purposes of this study were: (1) to review the preparation and characterization of the intergrowth between goethite and hematite crystals; and (2) to propose a schematic diagram of the epitaxial relationships among three sets of (100) goethite twin crystals associated with the (001) orientation of the hexagonal prism of hematite. The Fe(ClO4)3 solution was prepared and aged at 70°C, which precipitated goethite initially and produced hematite later with prolonged aging. Goethite and hematite aged for 20 days were observed as star-shaped and hexagonal prisms, respectively. The results suggest that hematite could form later using goethite as a template surface. A selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern showed the epitaxial relationship among three sets of (100) goethite intergrowth crystals and hexagonal prisms with the (001) orientation of hematite. Goethite can be produced as lath-, X-, K-, or star-shaped crystals on the (100) orientation, depending on the Fe(ClO4)3 concentrations and the addition of HClO4 to Fe solution samples which were aged for a prolonged period at room temperature. The initial solubility products [(Fe3+)(OH–)3] of the sample solution, rather than the nature of the nuclei, are the key factors governing the formation of goethite or hematite. The addition of acids and high concentrations of iron solutions extend the secondary hydrolysis and induction period (IP) and favor the formation of hematite. The index of the SAED pattern of the star-shaped goethite intergrowth twin crystal has a (100) plane parallel to this basal plane and rotates at a 60° angle between two or three sets of lath-shaped goethite crystals, which share the (011) plane and form goethite twins with ‘interpenetrated’ crystal growth. Stereoscopic viewing using Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) and CrystalMaker software was deployed to explore the relationship and configuration of oxygen atoms between pseudo-hexagonal (100) goethite associated with hexagonal (001) hematite lattice planes. A schematic diagram of the epitaxial relationship between star-shaped (100) goethite, which is acting as a template facilitating later precipitation of (001) hexagonal prisms of hematite on it, is presented.