The record for the consular fasti of the Mid-Republic, as one of our more reliable sources for the period, offers valuable insight into who was in power at a crucial time for the transition of Rome from city-state to territorial empire. It has been recognized at least since Münzer that many family names in the lists were not originally from Rome, but instead from other Italian communities. The chapter attempts to take systematic stock of this important phenomenon by means of an analysis of the origins of all the known consular families of the time in order to track the emergence, persistence, and long-term trajectory of each family. The ability of elite families to join the highest echelons of Roman politics from various parts of Italy can be seen as a key process that characterizes the early phases of Roman expansion. The quantity of new consular families arguably represents a measure of power-sharing arrangements that were put in place vis-à-vis other Italians, potentially illuminating diplomatic interactions that have often been underestimated. In short, an important flipside of this great historical transition can be revealed, emphasizing the role played by Italian elites in the Mid-Republican conquest.

INTRODUCTION

Early Roman laws like those expressed in the Twelve Tables did not come forth ex novo in the middle of the fifth century BCE; instead, it is far more likely that they formalised and regulated customary practices that had already been accruing for decades, if not centuries. Arguably, this process was intertwined with the emergence of urbanisation and state organisation at the sites that would later become the major cities of the western coast of central Italy. Investigating the groups who established these settlements and their customary interactions with one another can therefore prove beneficial for understanding how and why early Roman law developed the way it did. Due to the lack of surviving literary sources from this period (the ninth to sixth centuries BCE generally), evidence must largely be derived from the realm of archaeology.

Although a significant amount of good-quality new archaeological data is now available for most of Italy, it is not intrinsically suited to proving that specific events did or did not happen; rather, it can lend itself, when adequately handled, to the kind of broad structural treatments that can clarify important connections and the deep workings of the forces involved in these processes. Unfortunately, archaeological data has been used sparingly when attempting to understand the origins and development of social groups on the Italian peninsula, with the debate instead centred on the impact of generalised internal and external triggers to urbanisation. For studies of this period to move forward, new heuristic models must be utilised that are able to bring together and take advantage of all types of available evidence, whether textual, epigraphic, or archaeological. As a further benefit, such an approach would reconnect early Rome and Latium with recent developments in the larger discipline of social and state formation studies around the world, offering the opportunity for a greater amount of cross-cultural comparison and hypothesis formulation beyond the standard problematic comparison with the Greek genos.

Archaeological discoveries in the last few decades have driven a re-evaluation of the social and state formation processes taking place in central Italy during the transition to urban life in the late Iron Age by offering an alternative to the endless dissection of historians like Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus.