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Men, women, civil rulers, and religious leaders of the Renaissance and Reformation era were passionately concerned about education at all levels. Catholics and Protestants inherited late medieval universities and monastic order studia. Some civil and religious leaders on both sides of the religious divide found them wanting and created new institutions to teach theology. This survey will summarize the position of theology in institutions of higher learning. And it will describe the massive Catholic and Protestant efforts to teach the fundamental beliefs and doctrines of Christianity to the laity through catechesis.
The political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes is rightly considered as marking the end of one era in political theory and the beginning of a new one. Formerly, men had sought and found a guide to political conduct in a basic principle upon which the order of well-being of the state depended. Hobbes broke with the past by postulating the state as simply a rationalization of the needs of men. He analyzed man's psychology and relied on his own observation and ratiocination to establish the best possible state commensurate with mankind's situation, but his supreme emphasis on force and authority left no room for the older constitutional, religious, and traditional safeguards of the citizen. This was the price that Hobbes willingly paid to achieve a secure state during the English Civil War.