Socio-environmental challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss necessitate political action and transformative educational responses. Education for Environmental Citizenship (EEC) offers a promising framework for addressing these issues in school settings. However, there is a lack of reported structured teacher professional development (TPD) programmes that support EEC. This study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of empirical studies and supranational frameworks, synthesising the results into a model for in-service TPD in EEC. The analysis identified core competencies such as critical thinking, systems thinking and global citizenship alongside with dimensions including socio-emotional and cultural-territorial competencies, which address context-specific educational needs. These are mapped to pedagogical strategies such as outdoor learning, reflective practice and community-based learning. The resulting model seeks to align global sustainability goals with local realities. This research lays the groundwork for fostering EEC by providing educators with the competencies and strategies essential to drive social and environmental change.

We investigate the impact of corruption on female leadership in Brazil using cross-sectional municipal-level data. Our findings suggest that corruption significantly reduces the proportion of working women in leadership roles. Additionally, corruption decreases female representation in leadership relative to men, though this effect is less robust. When examining sectors most vulnerable to corruption, the results remain largely consistent, but we also note that women tend to avoid these sectors entirely. Our findings suggest that corruption acts as a significant barrier to female leadership.

Studies focusing on how the migrant population understands and utilises family policies are scarce in Southern European countries. We focus on the use of paternity leave by American and European migrant fathers in Spain. This work is based on an online survey of parents (QUIDAN, 2021), which is nationally representative with a sample of 3100 respondents. We have conducted descriptive statistics and explanatory multivariate models. The main result shows that American-born (but not European) fathers take paid paternity leave less often than Spanish fathers. This outcome raises new questions about migrant parental roles and the shortcomings of public policies.

We present a new solution to the nonlinear shallow water equations (NSWEs) and show that it accurately predicts the swash flow due to obliquely approaching bores in large-scale wave basin experiments. The solution is based on an application of Snell’s law of refraction in settings where the bore approach angle $\theta$ is small. We therefore use the weakly two-dimensional NSWEs (Ryrie 1983 J. Fluid Mech. 129, 193), where the cross-shore dynamics are independent of, and act as a forcing to, the alongshore dynamics. Using a known solution to the cross-shore dynamics (Antuono 2010 J. Fluid Mech. 658, 166), we solve for the alongshore flow using the method of characteristics and show that it differs from previous solutions. Since the cross-shore solution assumes a constant forward-moving characteristic variable, $\alpha$, we call our solution the ‘small-$\theta$, constant-$\alpha$’ solution. We test our solution in large-scale experiments with data from 16 wave cases, including both normally and obliquely incident waves generated using the wall reflection method. We measure water depths and fluid velocities using in situ sensors within the surf and swash zones, and track shoreline motion using quantitative imaging. The data show that the basic assumptions of the theory (Snell’s law of refraction and constant-$\alpha$) are satisfied and that our solution accurately predicts the swash flow. In particular, the data agrees well with our expression for the time-averaged alongshore velocity, which is expected to improve predictions of alongshore transport at coastlines.

Piecewise contractions (PCs) are piecewise smooth maps that decrease the distance between pairs of points in the same domain of continuity. The dynamics of a variety of systems is described by PCs. During the last decade, much effort has been devoted to proving that in parameterized families of one-dimensional PCs, the $\omega $-limit set of a typical PC consists of finitely many periodic orbits while there exist atypical PCs with Cantor $\omega $-limit sets. In this article, we extend these results to the multi-dimensional case. More precisely, we provide criteria to show that an arbitrary family $\{f_{\mu }\}_{\mu \in U}$ of locally bi-Lipschitz piecewise contractions $f_\mu :X\to X$ defined on a compact metric space X is asymptotically periodic for Lebesgue almost every parameter $\mu $ running over an open subset U of the M-dimensional Euclidean space $\mathbb {R}^M$. As a corollary of our results, we prove that piecewise affine contractions of $\mathbb {R}^d$ defined in generic polyhedral partitions are asymptotically periodic.

Spatially evolving turbulent/turbulent interfaces (TTIs) in the absence of mean shear are studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS). To this end, a novel approach was developed, allowing for six different TTIs to be created with a Taylor-based Reynolds number in the range of $146 \lesssim {Re}_{\lambda }\lesssim 296$. The analysis of classical statistics of turbulence intensity, fluctuating vorticity and integral length scale clearly indicates that one of the two distinct turbulent regions bounding the interface tends to dominate the other one. The half-width thickness is found to be dependent on the turbulent properties of each layer, ultimately suggesting that the large-scale quantities dictate the spreading of each turbulent region. Small scale quantities, e.g. the enstrophy, exhibit an universal conditional mean profile when normalised by the local Kolmogorov (velocity and time) scales of motion. In contrast, the large-scale properties of the flow do not modify the enstrophy statistics. Additionally, when taking the difference of fluctuating vorticity levels on each layer ad extremum, profiles typical of turbulent/non-turbulent interfaces (TNTIs) are observed. The budget terms of enstrophy and rate-of-strain magnitude support these findings.

Motivated by the construction of the free Banach lattice generated by a Banach space, we introduce and study several vector and Banach lattices of positively homogeneous functions defined on the dual of a Banach space E. The relations between these lattices allow us to give multiple characterizations of when the underlying Banach space E is finite-dimensional and when it is reflexive. Furthermore, we show that lattice homomorphisms between free Banach lattices are always composition operators, and study how these operators behave on the scale of lattices of positively homogeneous functions.

This study examines foraminifers from limestone horizons of the mainly Brigantian Lower Limestone Formation across the Midland Valley of Scotland (MVS), to determine more precisely the correlation of the limestone beds throughout the region and with the marine bands. Three quantitative biostratigraphical methods were applied to the foraminiferal dataset. The Ranking and Scaling method produced unusual mixed associations and a ranked optimum sequence, making it the least reliable. In contrast, the Unitary Associations (UA) and Constrained Optimization (CONOP) methods yielded more consistent sequences and correlations, especially the latter. The main conclusions drawn were: (i) The West Kirkton, First Abden and St Monans Brecciated limestones of the eastern MVS are considered the base of the Lower Limestone Formation; (ii) The Petershill Limestone is considered as the likely lateral equivalent of the Blackhall Limestone; (iii) the Seafield Tower, Charlestown Main and Middle Skateraw limestones can be correlated in the eastern MVS; (iv) the Abden Fauna (marine band) in central Fife, is confirmed just below the base of the Lower Limestone Formation in most sections; and (v) correlation of limestones below the Neilson Shell Band (marine band) in the eastern region is confirmed with the CONOP method, and in the western region with the Unitary Associations.

Some arboreal monocotyledons, such as the dragon trees (Dracaena sp.), can develop impressive trunks (>5 m perimeter) through a lateral meristem, but their ages are difficult to determine. We report here a series of calibrated radiocarbon (14C) dates obtained from a stem section of Dracaena draco (L.) L. subsp. draco growing on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. This radial section, about 40 cm long, was cut on October 18, 2023, from a large (∼60 cm diameter) branch that had fallen off the main stem of a privately owned dragon tree. In order to apply 14C calibration, and given the lack of clearly defined growth layers, we collected 33 sequential samples at ∼1-cm intervals along this radial section. A first attempt at wiggle-matching resulted in a calibrated dating of ∼1787 CE for the innermost sample. Because we only knew the spatial distance, but not the time interval, between 14C dates, we further applied calibration tools commonly used for sedimentary sequences. The Poisson-process deposition model in the software OxCal resulted in a calibrated age for the innermost sample of 1776–1798 CE (2σ). The classic and Bayesian age-depth deposition models available as R packages dated the innermost sample to, respectively, 1775–1862 and 1768–1813 CE. Because the branch was at a height of ∼3 m from the ground, and its section did not reach the pith, our results suggest that this dragon tree was ∼300 years old in 2023.

This article examines the local production of statistics of workers recruited by the Portuguese colonial administration in Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) during the last years when the Native Labor Code was in force. By enquiring the statistics produced by commissioners of post in the district of Cacheu in their monthly service journals, it consideres the purposes of the workforce statistics at a moment Portugal had just ratified the International Labor Organization’s Convention on forced labor and compiling reliable statistical records became crucial. Examining statistical production and registration allows us to explore the expectations and tensions within the colonial state regarding the management of forced labor and the functioning of the colonial administration. Rather than a tool for controllling the African workforce, counting workers was a way of controlling and monitoring the performance of colonial administrators. Moreover, statistics could become part of a strategy of hiding and concealing less palatable aspects of daily colonial rule and labor recruitment practices. Indeed, the workforce recruited by the colonial state remained fairly invisible (and thus subject to abuse), be it due to inconsistent record-keeping or the lack of statistics on workforce recruitment altogether.