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Hans Jacob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen (ca. 1621-1676) is the most significant (and still readable) author of seventeenth-century German novels. His Abenteuerlicher Simplicius Simplicissimusremains the one German novel of its time that has attained the stature of "world literature": its unique mix of violent action and solitary reflection, its superlative humor, its realistic portrayalof a peasant turned soldier turned hermit has made it the longest-running bestseller in German literature. Read by students and scholars in comparative literature, history, and German, and by those interested in the development of the picaresque novel in Europe, the work and its "Continuations" have increasingly occupied scholars around the world, who have in recent years shown it to be a work ofsubtle structure and characterization, bearing the imprint of the most advanced political thinking of the time, and showing the influences of some of the most significant works of world literature, including Cervantes' Don Quixote and Barclay's Argenis. This volume of essays by leading Grimmelshausen scholars from Germany, the United States, and England provides analyses of significant topics in his life and works, including questions of genre, structure, satire, allegory, narratology, political thought, religion, morality, humor, realism, and mortality. Contributors: Christoph E. Schweitzer, Italo Michele Battafarano, Klaus Haberkamm, Rosmarie Zeller, Andreas Solbach, Dieter Breuer, Lynne Tatlock, Peter Hess, Shannon Keenan Greene, and Alan Menhennet.
KarlF. Otto is Professor of German at the University of Pennsylvania and has written extensively on German Baroque literature.
Case studies contribute more focused analyses which, in the context of human loss and damage, demonstrate the effectiveness of response strategies and prevention measures and identify lessons about success in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. The case studies were chosen to complement and be consistent with the information in the preceding chapters, and to demonstrate aspects of the key messages in the Summary for Policymakers and the Hyogo Framework for Action Priorities.
The case studies were grouped to examine types of extreme events, vulnerable regions, and methodological approaches. For the extreme event examples, the first two case studies pertain to events of extreme temperature with moisture deficiencies in Europe and Australia and their impacts including on health. These are followed by case studies on drought in Syria and dzud, cold-dry conditions in Mongolia. Tropical cyclones in Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Mesoamerica, and then floods in Mozambique are discussed in the context of community actions. The last of the extreme events case studies is about disastrous epidemic disease, using the case of cholera in Zimbabwe, as the example.
The case studies chosen to reflect vulnerable regions demonstrate how a changing climate provides significant concerns for people, societies, and their infrastructure. These are: Mumbai as an example of a coastal megacity; the Republic of the Marshall Islands, as an example of small island developing states with special challenges for adaptation; and Canada's northern regions as an example of cold climate vulnerabilities focusing on infrastructures.
In the sixth chapter of his Theory of Knowledge Roderick Chisholm refers to an example suggested by Alexius Meinong in order to show that the traditional definition of knowledge is in need of some modification. In this paper I should like to show that Chisholm's argument rests on a mistaken assumption as to what an individual's doxastic responsibilities are.
If we accept the traditional definition of knowledge according to which S knows that P provided that (i) P is true, (ii) S accepts P and (iii) S is justified in believing that P, the Gettier's counter-examples will prompt us to look for a fourth condition to complete the analyses of knowledge. Before we determine whether such a fourth condition is, indeed, needed and, if so, how it is to be formulated, we may do well to examine with some care the situations which, according to Gettier, are counter to the traditional definition of knowledge. There are two reasons why this course of action is to be recommended. First, it may enable us to expose the presuppositions, other than those involved in the traditional definition of knowledge itself, which Gettier appeals to in order to construct his counter-examples. Second, this may provide us with an insight into exactly what it is that is supposed to be wrong with that definition.
Organic/inorganic hybrids of silicon and their subsequent chemical modification are of interest for tailoring and structuring surfaces on the nanoscale. The formation of monolayers on hydroxylated silicon surfaces was employed to synthesize molecular dimethylsiloxane chains by wet-chemical condensation reactions, using dimethylmonochlorosilane as the precursor. The SiH group of the resulting dimethylsilyl termination could be selectively oxidized to the SiOH group, which opened the possibility of bonding another species. By repeating the condensation and oxidation cycle the stepwise growth of one-dimensional dimethylsiloxane chains was achieved. The ongoing chain growth was characterized by attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and determination of the surface energy by contact-angle experiments.
Two Distinct Literary Traditions Representing two strands of cultural advancement marked the development of early modern German poetry: a vernacular, or “popular,” culture transmitted in pragmatic secular and religious forms and inspired by the Reformation; and an international humanist culture rooted in classical traditions, communicated mainly in Latin but eventually developing a vernacular learned culture as well. In Germany, many learned poets wrote both in Latin and German, Latin being dominant up to the late sixteenth century and German in the seventeenth. It is impossible to establish absolute temporal boundaries for early modern German poetry: the late medieval song tradition remained vital well into the sixteenth century, while the gallant and political poetry of the eighteenth century had distinct beginnings before 1700.
The development of poetry in early modern Germany was affected by profound changes in politics, society, economy, religion, and science; the renewed interest in classical antiquity and the rise of humanism; the cataclysm of the Protestant Reformation and subsequent confessional strife; the devastation of the Thirty Years’ War; and the rise of the absolutist territorial state. One of the most significant extrinsic factors was the invention of movable type, with the ensuing proliferation of printed books. In the subsequent shift from an oral to a written culture, new patterns of distribution and dissemination as well as new poetic forms arose. While the late medieval song tradition declined in the sixteenth century, the evolving print culture supported media such as the broadsheet and poetry collections as well as new genres such as the emblem, the sonnet, and the pattern poem.
Poetry as a generic term had a different meaning to the early modern poet and reader. Hybrid and mixed forms were common. The modern triad of poetic, epic, and dramatic literature originated in Italian Renaissance poetics (Giovanni Giorgio Trissino, Poetica, 1529) and was not yet definitively established in German poetics until the eighteenth century.
Indentation fracture toughness experiments were performed on amorphous steel. Measured toughness values were 3.2 ± 0.3 MPa for 3-mm-thick specimens and 3.8 ± 0.3 MPa for 10-mm-thick specimens. Crack geometry was determinedto be of the “Palmqvist” or radial configuration. High indentation loads >40 N were necessary for crack formation, and indentation cracks did not form adjacent to every indent, or in a uniform pattern. Possible reasons for crack formation thresholds and geometry are discussed.
Fatigue crack propagation mechanisms of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are not well understood, limiting their use in safety-critical structural applications particularly where complex fatigue loading may occur. Accordingly, the present study examines the effects of variable amplitude fatigue loading associated with block loading and tensile overloads on fatigue crack-growth rates in a Zr-based BMG. Crack growth studies were conducted on compact tension specimens using computer control of the applied stress intensity range, ΔK. Fatigue crack closure loads, which represent the initial contact of mating crack surfaces during the unloading cycle, were continuously monitored during testing. Abrupt drops in ΔK were found to significantly decrease fatigue crack-growth rates far below equilibrium values, arresting growth completely at a ΔK twice the nominal fatigue threshold ΔKTH. Conversely, an abrupt increase in ΔK was found to accelerate fatigue crack-growth rates. The effects of roughness-induced crack closure were assessed and found to be consistent with the suppression or acceleration of growth rates. However, in order to fully explain the observed transient growth rate response, other mechanisms that may be related to the fatigue mechanism itself were also considered. Specifically, the nature of the fatigue crack tip damage zone was also investigated. As BMGs lack distributed plasticity at low temperatures, the plastic zone differs greatly from that seen in ductile crystalline materials, and its role in fatigue crack propagation mechanisms is examined.