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86 results

Page 1 of 5

  • Marriage and the Construction of Reality: An Exercise in the Microsociology of Knowledge

  • Peter Berger, Hansfried Kellner
  • Journal:
    Diogenes / Volume 12 / Issue 46 / June 1964
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 July 2024, pp. 1-24
    • Article
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  • Ever since Durkheim it has been a commonplace of family sociology that marriage serves as a protection against anomie for the individual. Interesting and pragmatically useful though this insight is, it is but the negative side of a phenomenon of much broader significance. If one speaks of anomic states, then one ought properly to investigate also the nomic processes that, by their absence, lead to the aforementioned states. If, consequently, one finds a negative correlation between marriage and anomie, then one should be led to inquire into the character of marriage as a nomos-building instrumentality, that is, of marriage as a social arrangement that creates for the individual the sort of order in which he can experience his life as making sense. It is our intention here to discuss marriage in these terms. While this could evidently be done in a macrosociological perspective, dealing with marriage as a major social institution related to other broad structures of society, our focus will be microsociological, dealing primarily with the social processes affecting the individuals in any specific marriage, although, of course, the larger framework of these processes will have to be understood. In what sense this discussion can be described as microsociology of knowledge will hopefully become clearer in the course of it.

  • Residential Exodus from Dublin Circa 1900: Municipal Annexation and Preferences for Local Government

  • Silvi K. Berger, Franco Mariuzzo, Peter L. Ormosi
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Economic History / Volume 82 / Issue 4 / December 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 December 2022, pp. 1109-1141
    Print publication:
    December 2022

  • Dublin experienced a marked stagnation in population growth in the second half of the nineteenth century, accompanied by decaying infrastructure and poor public health. Historians have emphasized that this crisis was coupled with poor governance of the city of Dublin—manifested by eroding public services together with increasing tax burdens to counteract growing debt. This paper studies the municipal boundary expansion of Dublin in 1901, which occurred as a way to alleviate the city’s financial distress. It saw multiple relatively wealthy townships annexed by the city via royal order to increase Dublin’s tax base. Using a sample of census records matched to city streets, we show that wealthy residents and Protestant residents were more likely to leave annexed areas compared to areas that remained independent. Moreover, we offer anecdotal evidence that at least some of the wealthy Protestant households departing annexed townships sorted into jurisdictions that remained independent. Our findings offer support to arguments that the municipal annexation by the city of Dublin may have accelerated the decline of annexed areas in the early twentieth century and contributed to municipal fragmentation in metropolitan Dublin.

  • Introduction

  • Edited by Peter Berger, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands, Sarbeswar Sahoo, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
  • Book:
    Godroads
    Published online:
    24 April 2020
    Print publication:
    29 October 2020, pp 1-46

  • Summary

    A road is only a simple thing at first sight, as has been previously noted (Miller 2001: 183). On second look, however, it reveals its dazzling complexity, as well as a profound and deep connection with human endeavours that it entails, for instance, with the human desire to escape from one place or to reach another. Movement, change and transformation are intrinsic to roads, to the experiencing subjects who travel along them and the environment they traverse, which they connect as much as divide. As the epitome of modernity, the road is a symbol of violence, colonialism, conquest, oppression and exploitation, as well as an icon of hope, protest and freedom.

    Roads are connected to religion in manifold ways, not only in the sense that religions offer certain ‘paths’ to salvation (Sting 1997). Some of our readers and most of our authors will know what it feels like to be squeezed between narrow rows of a crowded bus in India, the vehicle coming to a sudden stop, the bus driver (or one of his team) jumping off to quickly offer a coconut at a small shrine on the side of the road, before diving back into the bus, hoping that the gods will hear him and give their blessing. Obviously, not only in India, but definitely there, roads are places of worship and of pilgrimage. They may represent ‘mythographies’ (Masquelier 2002), imaginations of an indigenised modernity which also involve ideas about the anger of those spirits whose dwellings have suffered destruction in the very construction of the road. They are also sites of reflection, a moral geography in relation to which loss of traditions and moral anomie can be contemplated (Luning 2009). They are liminal spaces and, as such, dying on the road – or rather on the path – may be considered a particularly ‘bad death’ (P. Berger 2015: 276f.). Being on the road may be associated with potential transgressions of embodied local moral orders and codes, and, as such, they may be a powerful tool restricting movement and reproducing asymmetrical relationships in terms of caste, class and gender (Miller 2001).

  • 10 - Rupture and Resilience: Dynamics between a Hindu Reform Movement and an Indigenous Religion in Highland Odisha

  • Edited by Peter Berger, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands, Sarbeswar Sahoo, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
  • Book:
    Godroads
    Published online:
    24 April 2020
    Print publication:
    29 October 2020, pp 246-271

  • Summary

    It is April 1999, two old men are the first to reach the shrine of Gumang or Pat Kanda, outside the Gadaba village of Gudapada. They are the sacrificer (pujari) and the ritual cook (randari), the most senior men in the village in terms of ritual status. They have followed the narrow paths out of the village and through the dry fields on the hard laterite soil that has not seen a drop of rain since the end of the monsoon in October. They climb down to wet rice fields that are constructed in the bed of the river. After balancing on the narrow earthen division separating two paddies, they climb up again on the other side and reach the most important shrine of the village, consisting merely of a small roofed structure without walls, but with thick beams supporting the roof only about a metre above the ground. Below the roof, a single stone protrudes about 30 cm out of the earth, the local representation of dorom or the sun-moon deity. Shortly afterwards, other men assemble and clear the area of dry leaves and branches. Then they take the tiles off the roof of the small shrine and repair the wooden structure before covering it again. A few of the older men only wear loincloth, but most wear a lungi or dhoti and a shirt. One young man stands out, not only because he is tall, but because he is dressed in a bright red garment (Hindi: kurta). Once the sacrificial site has been prepared, the pujari ‘sacrifices’ a coconut before two animals – a cock and a goat – are ritually killed. The man in red is given some pieces of the coconut and leaves before the animals are killed. Later, he is not to be seen among the groups eating different parts of the sacrificial animals at different places. Did the man participate in the ritual or not?

    Krusna Sisa, the man dressed in red, is a member of a religious movement known locally as Olek Dormo, and called Mahima Dharma in Dhenkanal, its region of origin. Ascetics (babas) probably came to Koraput in the early 1970s to seek new adherents to their movement.

  • Treatment strategies for protein-losing enteropathy in Fontan-palliated patients

  • Anastasia Schleiger, Stanislav Ovroutski, Björn Peters, Stephan Schubert, Joachim Photiadis, Felix Berger, Peter Kramer
  • Journal:
    Cardiology in the Young / Volume 30 / Issue 5 / May 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    04 May 2020, pp. 698-709
  • Objective:

    Protein-losing enteropathy is an infrequent but severe condition occurring after Fontan procedure. The multifactorial pathogenesis remains unclear and no single proposed treatment strategy has proven universally successful. Therefore, we sought to describe different treatment strategies and their effect on clinical outcome and mortality.

    Material and Methods:

    We performed a retrospective observational study. From the total cohort of 439 Fontan patients treated in our institution during the study period 1986–2019, 30 patients (6.8%) with protein-losing enteropathy were identified. Perioperative, clinical, echocardiographic, laboratory, and invasive haemodynamic findings and treatment details were analysed.

    Results:

    Median follow-up after disease onset was 13.1 years [interquartile range 10.6]. Twenty-five patients received surgical or interventional treatment for haemodynamic restrictions. Medical treatment, predominantly pulmonary vasodilator and/or systemic anti-inflammatory therapy with budesonide, was initiated in 28 patients. In 15 patients, a stable remission could be achieved by medical or surgical procedures (n = 3 each), by combined multimodal therapy (n = 8), or ultimately by cardiac transplantation (n = 1). Phrenic palsy, bradyarrhythmia, Fontan pathway stenosis, and absence of a fenestration were significantly associated with development of protein-losing enteropathy (p = 0.001–0.48). Ten patients (33.3%) died during follow-up; 5-year survival estimate was 96.1%. In unadjusted analysis, medical therapy with budesonide and pulmonary vasodilator therapy in combination was associated with improved survival.

    Conclusions:

    Protein-losing enteropathy is a serious condition limiting survival after the Fontan procedure. Comprehensive assessment and individual treatment strategies are mandatory to achieve best possible outcome. Nevertheless, relapse is frequent and long-term mortality substantial. Cardiac transplantation should be considered early as treatment option.

Godroads
  • Modalities of Conversion in India
  • Edited by Peter Berger, Sarbeswar Sahoo
  • Published online:
    24 April 2020
    Print publication:
    29 October 2020
  • Dynamics of conversion and religious change more generally are extremely complex, yet it is crucial for contemporary societies to understand them. This volume contributes to this understanding by focussing on the processes and modalities of conversion within, between and across various religious traditions (Hinduism, Islamic Reformism, Christianity, indigenous religions) from a multi-disciplinary perspective, including anthropology, sociology, religious studies, history and theology. While the book deals with Indian case studies, the introduction, preface (by Piers Vitebsky) and afterword (by Aparecida Vilaça) also offer a comparative perspective linking the Indian situation to contexts of conversion in other parts of the world. The introduction not only provides an overview of important research on conversion in India, it also intends to advance the general theoretical reflection on conversion, considers analytical tools for further research and discusses the work of important theorists such as Pierre Bourdieu, Joel Robbins and Marshall Sahlins who are not generally referred to in debates on conversion in India.

  • First steps to a clinical research unit for developmental research in paediatric cardiology: conception and progress of the LEADER project (Long Term Early Development Research) in CHD

  • Constanze Pfitzer, Hannah Ferentzi, Lisa-Maria Rosenthal, Peter Kramer, Felix Berger, Katharina R. L. Schmitt
  • Journal:
    Cardiology in the Young / Volume 29 / Issue 5 / May 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 May 2019, pp. 672-678
  • Objective:

    We developed the Long-term Early Development Research (LEADER) project to investigate the development of children with CHD and/or after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Both populations are at risk for delays in motor, cognitive, and language development. However, few studies to date have investigated the longitudinal development in these children.

    Methods:

    To establish a clinical research unit, we planned three studies: a cross-sectional study in children after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (LEADER-REA Pilot Study), a longitudinal study in children after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with a focus on evaluating various biomarkers as predictors for developmental outcome (LEADER-CPR study), and a longitudinal study in children with ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, or transposition of the great arteries after cardiac surgery (LEADER-CHD study).

    Results:

    Implementation of all three LEADER studies was successful and study protocols were conducted as planned. Findings from the LEADER-REA Pilot study have been recently published and data collection for both prospective trials is ongoing. Descriptive analysis of the first 20 assessments of the LEADER-CHD study showed no severe deficits in overall cognitive, motor, and language developments in the children.

    Conclusions:

    Children with CHD and/or after cardiopulmonary resuscitation are at risk for developmental delay. Therefore, a detailed developmental assessment is necessary as a pre-requisite for individual developmental support. Our LEADER project has been shown to be feasible in a clinical setting and is the first step towards the establishment of a clinical research unit in our clinic with a focus on longitudinal research.

  • Initiating pain and palliative care outpatient services for the suburban underserved in Montgomery County, Maryland: Lessons learned at the NIH Clinical Center and MobileMed

  • Sunil K. Aggarwal, Amrita Ghosh, M. Jennifer Cheng, Kathleen Luton, Peter F. Lowet, Ann Berger
  • Journal:
    Palliative & Supportive Care / Volume 14 / Issue 4 / August 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 September 2015, pp. 381-386
  • Objective:

    With the ongoing expansion of palliative care services throughout the United States, meeting the needs of socioeconomically marginalized populations, as in all domains of healthcare, continues to be a challenge. Our specific aim here was to help meet some of these needs through expanding delivery of pain and palliative care services by establishing a new clinic for underserved patients and collecting descriptive data about its operation.

    Method:

    In November of 2014, the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center's Pain and Palliative Care Service (PPCS) launched a bimonthly offsite pain and palliative care outpatient clinic in collaboration with Mobile Medical Care Inc. (MobileMed), a private not-for-profit primary care provider in Montgomery County, Maryland, serving underserved area residents since 1968. Staffed by NIH hospice and palliative medicine clinical fellows and faculty, the clinic provides specialty pain and palliative care consultation services to patients referred by their primary care healthcare providers. A patient log was maintained, charts reviewed, and referring providers surveyed on their satisfaction with the service.

    Results:

    The clinic had 27 patient encounters with 10 patients (6 males, 4 females, aged 23–67) during its first 7 months of operation. The reason for referral for all but one patient was chronic pain of multiple etiologies. Patients had numerous psychosocial stressors and comorbidities. All primary care providers who returned surveys (n = 4) rated their level of satisfaction with the consultation service as “very satisfied” or “extremely satisfied.”

    Significance of Results:

    This brief descriptive report outlines the steps taken and logistical issues addressed to launch and continue the clinic, the characteristics of patients treated, and the results of quality-improvement projects. Lessons learned are highlighted and future directions suggested for the clinic and others that may come along like it.

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