The record of mammal declines and extinctions in Australia raises concerns regarding geographically restricted and poorly known taxa. For many taxa, the existing data are insufficient to assess their conservation status and inform appropriate management. Concerns regarding the persistence of the subspecies of yellow-footed rock-wallaby Petrogale xanthopus celeris, which is endemic to Queensland, have been expressed since the 1970s because of red fox Vulpes vulpes predation, competition with feral goats Capra hircus and land clearing. This rock-wallaby is rarely observed, occupies rugged mountain ranges and, prior to our surveys, had not been surveyed for 25 years. We surveyed 138 sites across the range of this rock-wallaby during 2010–2023, including revisiting sites surveyed in the 1970s–1980s and locations of historical records. We examined occurrence in relation to habitat variables and threats. Occupancy and abundance remained similar over time at most sites. However, by 2023 the subspecies had recolonized areas in the north-east of its range where it had disappeared between surveys in the 1980s and 2010s, and three south-western subpopulations that were considered extinct in the 1980s were rediscovered. Recolonization and increases in abundance at numerous sites between the 2010s and 2020s are associated with declines in feral goat abundance, indicating dietary and habitat competition are major threats. Exclusion fences erected since 2010 could limit genetic exchange between rock-wallaby subpopulations whilst allowing domestic goats to be commercially grazed. Petrogale xanthopus celeris should remain categorized as Vulnerable based on these ongoing threats. Repeated monitoring approximately every decade should underpin management of this endemic taxon.

Braidwood Management, Inc. v. Becerra challenges the Affordable Care Act free preventive coverage guarantee. Community health centers serve over 30 million residents of medically underserved urban and rural communities. Their limited federal grant funding makes them reliant on insurance revenue for their operations, Medicaid and subsidized marketplace coverage in particular, both of which are implicated by the case. To understand these implications, we developed an analytic model that crosswalks the preventive services potentially affected by Braidwood and the preventive care that all health centers must furnish. Of the 193 preventive services now covered under the guarantee, only forty-eight would survive were the Braidwood plaintiffs to prevail. In underserved communities, health centers are a principal source of the nearly 150 affected services, as evidenced by the care they are required to furnish under federal law, the quality metrics they are expected to meet, and the health diagnoses and treatments identified in federal performance reporting requirements. Thus, the impact on access, quality, patient health, and health center finances and care capability will likely be substantial.

The Arctic is a hotspot for climate warming, making it crucial to quantify the sea level rise contribution from its ice masses. Novaya Zemlya's ice caps are the largest glacier complex in Europe and are a major contributor to contemporary sea level rise. Here we show that Novaya Zemlya outlet glaciers on the Barents Sea coast respond rapidly and consistently to oceanic forcing at annual timescales, likely due to their exposure to Atlantic Water variability. Glaciers on the Kara Sea show more variable response, likely reflecting their reduced exposure to Atlantic Water. Data demonstrate that the pause in glacier retreat previously observed on Novaya Zemlya between 2013 and 2015 has not persisted and that these changes correspond to ocean temperature variability on the Barents Sea coast. We document a marked shift to warmer air and ocean temperatures, and reduced sea ice concentrations from 2005 onwards. Although we identify ocean warming as the primary trigger for glacier retreat, we suggest that multi-year thinning, driven by the shift towards warmer air temperatures since 2005, pre-conditioned Novaya Zemlya's glaciers to retreat. Despite commonality in the timing of outlet glacier retreat, the magnitude is highly variable during rapid retreat phases, which we attribute to glacier-specific factors.

This study investigated everyday associations between one key facet of mindfulness (allocating attention to the present moment) and pain. In Study 1, 89 community-dwelling adults (33–88 years; Mage = 68.6) who had experienced a stroke provided 14 daily end-of-day present-moment awareness and pain ratings. In Study 2, 100 adults (50–85 years; Mage = 67.0 years) provided momentary present-moment awareness and pain ratings three times daily for 10 days. Multi-level models showed that higher trait present-moment awareness was linked with lower overall pain (both studies). In Study 1, participants reported less pain on days on which they indicated higher present-moment awareness. In Study 2, only individuals with no post-secondary education reported less pain in moments when they indicated higher present-moment awareness. Findings add to previous research using global retrospective pain measures by showing that present-moment awareness might correlate with reduced pain experiences, assessed close in time to when they occur.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study proposes a pragmatic approach for tracking institutional changes in research teamwork and productivity in real time using common institutional electronic databases such as eCV and grant management systems. Dissemination of this approach could provide a standard metric for comparing teamwork productivity across different programs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study tracks research teamwork and productivity using commonly available institutional electronic databases such as eCV and grant management systems. We tested several definitions of interdisciplinary collaborations based on number of collaborations and their fields of discipline. Publication characteristics were compared by faculty seniority and appointment type using non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test (p RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Interdisciplinary grants constitute 24% of all grants but the trend has significantly increased over the last five years. Tenure track faculty collaborated with more organizations (3.5, SD 2.5 vs 2.3, SD 1.1, p DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides empirical evidence of the benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration in research and identifies an important role that senior faculty may be playing in creating the culture of interdisciplinary teamwork. More research is needed to improve efficiency of interdisciplinary collaborations.

Schizophrenia is associated with altered neural development. We assessed neurological soft signs (NSS) and dermatoglyphic anomalies (total a–b ridge count (TABRC) and total finger ridge count) in 15 pairs of twins concordant and discordant for schizophrenia. Within-pair differences in both NSS and TABRC scores were significantly greater in discordant compared to concordant monozygotic pairs. There was no significant difference in NSS and TABRC scores between subjects with schizophrenia and their co-twins without the illness. However, monozygotic discordant twins with schizophrenia had higher ABRCs on their right hands compared to their co-twins without the illness. These findings suggest that an unidentified environmental event acting between weeks 6 and 15 of gestation affects the development of monozygotic twins who go on to develop schizophrenia but does not have a corresponding effect on their co-twins who do not develop the illness. The effect of such an event on dermatoglyphic profiles appears lateralised to the right hand in affected twins.

Synthesis and solubility studies of onoratoite have been undertaken to determine the role of this rare secondary phase in the immobilization of Sb and the conditions responsible for its formation in the supergene zone. Solubility studies were undertaken at 298.15 K. A value of ΔGfθ (Sb8O11Cl2, s, 298.15 K) = –2576 ±12 kJ mol–1 was derived. Calculations involving sénarmontite, Sb2O3, klebelsbergite, Sb4O4SO4(OH)2 and schafarzikite, FeSb2O4, show that onoratoite is a thermodynamically stable phase only at negligible activities of SO42–(aq) and low activities of Fe2+(aq), at low pH and very high activities of Cl–(aq). This explains why onoratoite is such a rare secondary phase and why it cannot exert any significant influence on the dispersion of Sb in the supergene environment.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Dependence and abuse of prescription opioid pain medication has substantially increased over the last decade. The consistent rise in opioid dependence contributes to the rising prescription drug overdose deaths over the last decade. The study of the distribution and determinants of opioid dependence among patients who are treated with chronic pain medications prescribed by their healthcare providers would aid in answering some key questions about potential abuse and overdose on opioids. The descriptive epidemiology of opioid dependence would help in identifying the vulnerable age group, race, ethnicity, and type of opioid pain medications that more commonly result in dependence. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We implemented an Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership/Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OMOP/OHDSI) database, to hold structured EHR data from our Allscripts patient records. We also created a high-throughput phenotyping, natural language processing system that can parse 7,000,000 clinical notes in 1.5 hours. This runs as a web service and provides a modular component based NLP system. After the full semantic parse, we match the content against any number of ontologies. For each match we tag it as either a positive, negative, or uncertain assertion. We then perform automated compositional expressions. The codes are stored in a Berkley database (BDB) NOSQL database and the compositional expressions are stored in Neo4J (a graph database) and Graph DB (a triple store). This flexibility allows rapid retrieval of complex questions in real time. The High-Throughput Phenotyping (HTP) Natural Language Processing (NLP) Subsystem (HTP-NLP) is software that produces, given biomedical text, semantic annotations of the text. The semantic annotations identify conceptual entities—their attributes, the relations they have with other entities and the events they participate in, as expressed in the input text. The conceptual entities, relations, attributes, and events identified are specified by various knowledge representations (KRs) as documented in Coding Sources. Examples of coding sources are medical terminologies [eg, SNOMED CT, RxNorm, LOINC and open biomedical ontologies (OBO) foundry ontologies, eg, gene ontology (GO), functional model of anatomy, OBI, and others]. The annotation results may be displayed or output in formats suitable for further processing. Entity identified is assigned a truth value from 0 to 1. Values from the text are assigned to entities from ontologies such as SNOMED CT. The retrospective analysis of EHR data from local clinic patients was performed using queries on the problem list, demographic data, and medication list of all the patients in the database. The OMOP/OHDSI database was collected from Allscripts EHRs from 2010 to 2015. This common data model helps in the systematic analysis of disparate observational databases of clinic records from the primary care and family medicine clinics in Western New York region. The database contained 212,343 patient records that were parsed and deidentified. Specific research IDs were assigned to each of the patient records and stored in a secure firewall device for data analytics. The entire 212,343 records were queried for opioid dependence from the ICD-9 and 10 diagnostic codes and SNOMED CT codes mapped to both the clinical notes and the problem list for each patient based on the mapped ICD and SNOMED CT codes. In total, 1356 patients were identified as to having opioid dependence. The records were stratified into 7 age groups from age 18 to 28 and ending with age 79–89 years. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 212,343 patients in the database 1356 patients revealed opioid dependence on the problem list, ICD9-10 codes and prescription opioid pain medication with or without Buprenorphine and Naloxone (Suboxone) in the medication list. The prevalence of opioid dependence in the clinic population was 0.64% (95% CI: 0.61%–0.67%) over a 5-year period. The 7,000,000 patient records generated 750,000,000 SNOMED CT codes (on average 107 codes per record). The highest numbers of opioid dependence were seen in the 29 to 38 years’ age group. That comprised 39.38% (95% CI: 36.78%–41.98%) of the total opioid dependent population but accounted for only 2.03% of whole clinic population in this age group (95% CI: 1.86% to 2.2%). The subjects were then stratified by race and ethnicity. There were 1005 patients with opioid dependence, in the non-Hispanic population (total number 108,402). Among the White non-Hispanic or Latino population with opioid dependence, 41.33% (95% CI: 38.27%–44.39%) were 29–38 years old. The next common age group among the White Non-Hispanic opioid dependent subjects was 19–28 years, comprising of 22.48% (95% CI: 19.88%–25.08%) of the total number of White non-Hispanic or Latino opioid dependent population. Among the total clinic population Hispanics comprise 51.24%, but they comprise only 2.58% (95% CI: 1.74%–3.42%) of the total opioid dependent population. The non-Hispanic population comprise 51.05% of total clinic population while the percent of people who are opioid dependent is 83.26% (95% CI: 83.04%–83.48%) of the total 1356 opioid dependent population. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The trends of opioid dependence among the clinic population in the study indicate that the prevalence is more in a certain section of the population. The predominance is among the non-Hispanic White population in the 19–38 years of age. The prevalence in younger age implies that the complications related to opioid dependence would be there for a longer duration of time. The prevalence of dependence in this clinic population would be rising if this trend continues. Interventions at curbing prescription opioid dependence is necessary for the vulnerable population. The findings suggest that a broad based approach is necessary to address this problem. The distribution of opioid dependence in this patient population indicate the need for special attention to these specific age group and race ethnicities. The young age of many of the addicted patients demonstrate the risks of legitimate opioid prescriptions in leading this age group towards addiction and implies the need for routine screening for substance abuse. The evidence of complications of opioid overdose among long-term opioid users and risk of abuse with other agents including illicit agents makes the need for an approach that uses real-time interventions in addition to effect long-term improvement in addiction rates. A potentially cost-effective approach to implement monitoring programs and clinical decision support tools would be to develop inter operable linkage from the EHRs to the state Department of Healths’ prescription monitoring programs.

Synthesis and solubility studies of brizziite, NaSbO3, have been undertaken to determine the possible role of this rare secondary phase in the immobilization of Sb under supergene conditions and the conditions responsible for its formation in the supergene zone. Solubility studies were undertaken at T = 298.15 K. A value of ΔGfө) (NaSbO3, s, 298.15 K) = –806.66 ± 1.4 kJ mol–1 was derived. Calculations involving tripuhyite, FeSbO4, byströmite, MgSb2O6, ordoñezite, ZnSb2O6 and rosiaite, PbSb2O6, show that brizziite is a thermodynamically stable phase only at negligible activities of Pb2+(aq) at high pH and high salinity. Calculations involving mopungite Na[Sb(OH)6] combined with reported mineral associations suggest that mopungite is the thermodynamically unstable precursor to brizziite and its presence in natural settings must be due to kinetic stability. This explains why brizziite is such a rare secondary phase and therefore why it cannot exert any significant influence on the dispersion of Sb in the supergene environment.

In order to clarify the roles that secondary minerals may have in determining the extent of dispersion of Sb in the supergene environment, syntheses and stability studies of the Sb(V) oxides byströmite, MgSb2O6, ordoñezite, ZnSb2O6 and rosiaite, PbSb2O6, have been undertaken. Solubilities in aqueous HNO3 were determined at 298.2 K and the data obtained used to calculate values of Δ at the same temperature. The derived Δ(s, 298.2 K) values for MgSb2O6 (–1554.1 ±3.6 kJ mol–1), ZnSb2O6 (–1257.0 ±2.6 kJ mol–1) and PbSb2O6 (–1154.2 ±2.6 kJ mol–1) have been used in subsequent calculations to determine their relative stabilities and relationships with other secondary Sb minerals.

The study aims to assess whether supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001) can reduce the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled parallel trial was conducted in New Zealand (NZ) (Wellington and Auckland). Pregnant women with a personal or partner history of atopic disease were randomised at 14–16 weeks’ gestation to receive HN001 (6×109 colony-forming units) (n 212) or placebo (n 211) daily. GDM at 24–30 weeks was assessed using the definition of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) (fasting plasma glucose ≥5·1 mmol/l, or 1 h post 75 g glucose level at ≥10 mmol/l or at 2 h ≥8·5 mmol/l) and NZ definition (fasting plasma glucose ≥5·5 mmol/l or 2 h post 75 g glucose at ≥9 mmol/l). All analyses were intention-to-treat. A total of 184 (87 %) women took HN001 and 189 (90 %) women took placebo. There was a trend towards lower relative rates (RR) of GDM (IADPSG definition) in the HN001 group, 0·59 (95 % CI 0·32, 1·08) (P=0·08). HN001 was associated with lower rates of GDM in women aged ≥35 years (RR 0·31; 95 % CI 0·12, 0·81, P=0·009) and women with a history of GDM (RR 0·00; 95 % CI 0·00, 0·66, P=0·004). These rates did not differ significantly from those of women without these characteristics. Using the NZ definition, GDM prevalence was significantly lower in the HN001 group, 2·1 % (95 % CI 0·6, 5·2), v. 6·5 % (95 % CI 3·5, 10·9) in the placebo group (P=0·03). HN001 supplementation from 14 to 16 weeks’ gestation may reduce GDM prevalence, particularly among older women and those with previous GDM.

In a 6-yr study on four farms (36 fields) in Ontario, Canada, we tested the effects of tillage (moldboard, chisel plow, no tillage) and crop rotations (continuous corn, corn-soybean, corn-soybean-winter wheat) on emerged and seedbank weed species diversity and density. Aside from the imposed experimental treatments, all other management was generally consistent among farms. Tillage had the largest effect on weed diversity and density. No tillage promoted the highest weed species diversity, chisel plow was intermediate, and moldboard plow resulted in the lowest species diversity. These results are consistent with ecological succession theory. The increase in weed species diversity resulted from 20 species being associated with no tillage systems, 15 of which were winter annuals, biennials, or perennials. Emerged weed density was affected only by tillage. Over 6 yr, seedbank declined in no-tillage systems from 41,000 to 8,000 seeds m−3. Crop yields were not affected by tillage or crop rotation. In practical terms, reduced tillage in combination with a good crop rotation may reduce weed density and expenditures on weed management.