Key points

• • This chapter disrupts the academy by explaining how the experiences of people with lived experience of suicidal ideation should be considered and addressed in collaborative research on this topic.

• • People with lived experience must have agency and equality with project team members throughout the research and co-design processes, with the same people with lived experience involved throughout.

• • We should be encouraged to share our experiences to challenge traditional research-based and practice paradigms that often fail to legitimise subjective experience and experiential insight.

• • Suicide should not be viewed as a disease in search of a cure. Given the life experiences and circumstances of individuals with suicidal ideation, it can seem to be a perfectly rational choice, and their reality must be validated and respected as ‘normal’ before help is offered.

Introduction

Suicide is the leading cause of death for Australians aged 15 to 44 years (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2020). Between 50 and 60 per cent of individuals who die by suicide ‘fly under the radar’, that is, without receiving formal mental health care (Johnston et al, 2009). Most have been in contact with services for physical health issues in the days or months preceding an attempt but did not receive help for their suicidal thoughts or mental health problems (Stene-Larsen and Reneflot, 2019). Little is known about individuals at risk of suicide who are not receiving mental health care.

In 2021, the Black Dog Institute, a mental health research organisation in Sydney, Australia, undertook a four-year research project to develop a person-centred service for individuals at risk of suicide but not in care. The project consisted of multiple phases and several stakeholders including a project manager, institute research teams, a design team, a lived experience team and representatives from external organisations. The project aimed to adhere to a co-design methodology and a governance structure was created with a Core Co-Design team established at the outset. At the time of writing this chapter (August 2022), the first three phases had been completed.

Granular mass nouns, such as rice, have conceptually, and perceptually, salient entities in their denotations (i.e., individual rice grains). However, these entities are not directly accessible to semantic counting operations, nor can granular mass nouns be coerced into a count interpretation involving such entities. In this paper, Sutton and Filip address why this should be the case. Their analysis is based on the proposal that there are two key ingredients in lexical entries for grammatical counting: the object identifying function, which identifies perceptually or functionally salient entities in a noun’s denotation, and the schema of individuation, which concerns a perspective on these entities relative to a context of utterance. Based on these parameters, as well as on the mereotopological differences between concepts denoting granulars (rice, lentil), as opposed to other Spelke objects (cat, chair), Sutton and Filip show how we can explain why granular nouns exhibit count/mass variation within and between languages. Finally, they outline why the grammatical reflexes of granular nouns is central to understanding countability from a cross-linguistic perspective.

We discuss the range of possible readings of the pseudo-partitive construction (henceforth PPC), such as (two) glasses/litres of milk. In particular, we discuss ‘container readings’, ‘contents readings’, ‘free portion readings’, and ‘ad hoc measure readings’. We argue against Partee & Borschev, 2012, who for Asher-style dot-types to accommodate co-predications of pairs of these readings, and propose mereology plus a simple type theory in a dynamic semantics. We also provide an analysis of at hoc measure PPCs and use this to explain why measure interpretations of PPCs where mass concepts are coerced into count concepts are hard to obtain.

Chierchia (2010) argues that object mass nouns constitute a good testing ground for theories of the mass/count distinction, given that these nouns constitute a non-canonical type of mass noun that seems to be restricted to number marking languages (excluding outliers like Greek which admit plural morphology on mass nouns). Taking this idea as a springboard, in this paper, we pose the questions: Are there object mass nouns in classifier languages such as Japanese? What does the answer to this question mean for semantic accounts of the mass/count distinction in classifier languages?

The population sizes of Australian Aboriginal language-affiliated groups that can be reconstructed for the period of initial British colonization vary enormously. To establish this range with more precision than has been done in the past, here I analyse those cases in which the number of constituent estate-holding groups per language-territorial group has been recorded (see Appendix).

Executive summary

Nature of the problem

• The future effects of nitrogen in the environment will depend on the extent of nitrogen use and the practical application techniques of nitrogen in a similar way as in the past. Projections and scenarios are appropriate tools for extrapolating current knowledge into the future. However, these tools will not allow future system turnovers to be predicted.

Approaches

• In principle, scenarios of nitrogen use follow the approaches currently used for air pollution, climate, or ecosystem projections. Short-term projections (to 2030) are developed using a ‘baseline’ path of development, which considers abatement options that are consistent with European policy. For medium-term projections (to 2050) and long-term projections, the European Nitrogen Assessment (ENA) applies a ‘storyline’ approach similar to that used in the IPCC SRES scenarios. Beyond 2050 in particular, such storylines also take into account technological and behavioral shifts.

Key findings/state of knowledge

• The ENA distinguishes between driver-oriented and effect-oriented factors determining nitrogen use. Parameters that cause changes in nitrogen fixation or application are called drivers. In a driver-based approach, it is assumed that any variation of these parameters will also trigger a change in nitrogen pollution. In an effect-based approach, as the adverse effects of nitrogen become evident in the environment, introduction of nitrogen abatement legislation requiring the application of more efficient abatement measures is expected. This approach needs to rely on a target that is likely to be maintained in the future (e.g. human health). Nitrogen abatement legislation based on such targets will aim to counter any growth in adverse environmental effects that occur as a result of increased nitrogen application.

• […]

INTRODUCTION

In their reasons for judgement in 2002 in the Yorta Yorta appeal, three justices of the High Court of Australia expounded their decision on one of the more difficult issues in the native title regime. This was the question of whether current native title claimants may be found to be acknowledging traditional laws and acknowledging traditional customs even if those laws and customs have changed or diminished substantially, or there have been breaks in the transmission of those traditions, since the time when British sovereignty was established over the area in question.

They said in part:

Through much of their history, anthropological studies of Aboriginal land and marine tenure have been focused on contemporary groups with strongly surviving classical traditions, or on reconstructing those traditions for people whose social and cultural lives have been even more greatly changed since Australia's colonisation by Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Following the arrival of legislative schemes for recognising customary Aboriginal land rights, beginning in the 1970s but reaching a high level of activity since the passage of the Native Title Act 1993 (Commonwealth), more anthropological attention has been given to current relationships between ‘country’ and Aboriginal people of a wide range of cultural backgrounds, including those who live in urban and rural circumstances as well as those in remoter areas where older traditions have better survived.

This book attempts to take into account this wide range of information in order to discuss the major issues confronting Aboriginal native title claimants and title holders and those who seek or hold recognised rights under state and territory land and marine rights legislation. The emphasis, however, is on the native title context. Readers unfamiliar with the bewilderingly complex Australian native title legal and bureaucratic apparatus should familiarise themselves with the basic relevant literature if they want further background on the state of the law and its interpretation and implementation. The issues covered in this book are currently faced by legal, bureaucratic and anthropological practitioners, whether the context is one of native title determinations by consent or by litigation.