OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted HIV care, though it prompted preventive measures for respiratory pathogens, particularly among PWH. We therefore quantified trends in respiratory ADE incidence during vs. before the COVID-19 pandemic to assess effects of these measures on non-COVID-19 illnesses. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We included PWH aged ≥18 years in care at the Vanderbilt Comprehensive Care Clinic in Nashville, Tennessee from 2017-2023. Individuals contributed time from the last of March 31, 2017 or clinic enrollment until the first of death, March 31, 2023 (study close), or final clinic visit (if there was no visit ≤12 months before study close). We described respiratory ADE incidences (per 1,000 person-years) in each year of the study; we used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for respiratory ADEs in the three years following vs. before the World Health Organization’s pandemic designation for COVID-19 (March 2020). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 4,880 persons contributing 19,510 person-years, 69 (1.4%) developed ≥1 respiratory ADE. Median age at cohort entry was 42.6 (interquartile range [IQR]: 32.1, 52.3) years and at first respiratory ADE was 43.6 (IQR: 36.1, 51.2) years. The overall average respiratory ADE incidence in the pre-pandemic period (March 2017-March 2020) was 4.5 (95% CI: 3.3-6.3) per 1,000 person-years and during the post-pandemic period (April 2020-March 2023) was 4.1 (95% CI: 1.8-9.0) per 1,000 person-years. When accounting for repeated outcomes and annual variation, the modeled respiratory ADE incidence was 10% lower (IRR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.6-1.4) during vs. before the COVID-19 pandemic. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Respiratory ADE incidence dropped 10% following the COVID-19 pandemic declaration, though the confidence interval for this change contains the null. It is plausible that nonpharmaceutical COVID-19 mitigation measures drove a brief but impermanent decline, though further research is needed to assess whether diagnostic biases also played a role.

We investigate a variety of cut and choose games, their relationship with (generic) large cardinals, and show that they can be used to characterize a number of properties of ideals and of partial orders: certain notions of distributivity, strategic closure, and precipitousness.

The Altar Stone at Stonehenge in Wiltshire, UK, is enigmatic in that it differs markedly from the other bluestones. It is a grey–green, micaceous sandstone and has been considered to be derived from the Old Red Sandstone sequences of South Wales. Previous studies, however, have been based on presumed derived fragments (debitage) that have been identified visually as coming from the Altar Stone. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyses were conducted on these fragments (ex situ) as well as on the Altar Stone (in situ). Light elements (Z<37) in the Altar Stone analyses, performed after a night of heavy rain, were affected by surface and pore water that attenuate low energy X-rays, however the dry analyses of debitage fragments produced data for a full suite of elements. High Z elements, including Zr, Nb, Sr, Pb, Th and U, all occupy the same compositional space in the Altar Stone and debitage fragments, and are statistically indistinguishable, indicating the fragments are derived from the Altar Stone. Barium compares very closely between the debitage and Altar Stone, with differences being related to variable baryte distribution in the Altar Stone, limited accessibility of its surface for analysis, and probably to surface weathering.

A notable feature of the Altar Stone sandstone is the presence of baryte (up to 0.8 modal%), manifest as relatively high Ba in both the debitage and the Altar Stone. These high Ba contents are in marked contrast with those in a small set of Old Red Sandstone field samples, analysed alongside the Altar Stone and debitage fragments, raising the possibility that the Altar Stone may not have been sourced from the Old Red Sandstone sequences of Wales. This high Ba ‘fingerprint’, related to the presence of baryte, may provide a rapid test using pXRF in the search for the source of the Stonehenge Altar Stone.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound consequences on collective mental health and well-being, and yet, older adults appear better off than younger adults. The current study examined mental health impacts of the pandemic across adult age groups in a large sample (n = 5,320) of Canadians using multiple hierarchical regression analyses. Results suggest older adults are experiencing better mental health and more social connectedness relative to younger adults. Loneliness predicted negative mental health outcomes across all age groups, while the negative association between social support and mental health was only significant at average and high levels of loneliness in the 65–69 age group. Results point towards differential mental health impacts of the pandemic across adult age groups and indicate that loneliness and social support may be key intervention targets during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research should further examine mechanisms of resiliency among older Canadian adults during the pandemic.

Accurately dating the creation and development of earthwork features is a long-standing problem for archaeologists. This article presents results from Bosigran (Cornwall, UK), where boundary banks believed to be prehistoric in origin are assessed using optically stimulated luminescence profiling and dating (OSL-PD). The results provide secure construction dates for different boundaries in the Bronze and Iron Ages, as well as chronologies for their early medieval and later development. The research demonstrates not only the prehistoric origins of these distinctive Cornish field systems, but also a practical and cost-effective methodology suitable for dating earthworks around the world.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Previous research suggests that weight loss during early TB treatment (first two months of anti-TB therapy) is a predictor of poor tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes among HIV-negative populations, but the relationship has not been well studied in the context of HIV. We examined the association between HIV and weight change during the first two months of anti-tuberculosis treatment, and also assessed the effects of HIV and early weight change on tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Adults with culture-confirmed, drug-susceptible, pulmonary TB, regardless of HIV status, were enrolled into the Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis (RePORT)-Brazil cohort and followed on standard anti-TB therapy. For the primary analysis, we compared weight change in persons living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV-negative patients between baseline and two months using multivariable bootstrapped quantile regression and modified Poisson regression. For secondary analysis, we examined the separate effects of HIV and weight change on poor TB treatment outcome (treatment failure, TB recurrence, or death) using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 323 participants, 45 (14%) were HIV-positive. On average, PLWH lost 0.7% (interquartile range (IQR): −5.1%, 4.4%) of their baseline body weight between baseline and two months; those without HIV gained 3.5% (IQR: 0.8%, 6.7%). After adjusting for age, sex, and baseline BMI, PLWH lost 4.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): −6.5%, −1.6%) more weight during the first two months of anti-TB treatment than HIV-negative individuals. HIV infection was associated with weight loss ≥5% (adjusted odds ratio = 9.3; 95% CI: 4.2-20.6). Regarding the secondary analysis, 14 patients had a poor TB treatment outcome: 2 treatment failures, 4 cases of recurrent TB, and 8 deaths. PLWH and patients who lost ≥5% weight had significantly increased risk of poor TB treatment outcome with hazard ratios of 8.77 (95% CI: 2.96-25.94) and 4.09 (95% CI: 1.11-15.14), respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our results suggest that HIV is associated with weight loss during early TB treatment, and both HIV and early weight loss were associated with poor treatment outcome. Future research should examine the potential etiologies of these findings and identify the types of interventions that would best promote weight gain during TB treatment, especially among PLWH, in order to prevent poor TB treatment outcomes.

Syphacia stroma (von Linstow, 1884) Morgan, 1932 and Syphacia frederici Roman, 1945 are oxyurid nematodes that parasitize two murid rodents, Apodemus sylvaticus and Apodemus flavicollis, on the European mainland. Only S. stroma has been recorded previously in Apodemus spp. from the British Isles. Despite the paucity of earlier reports, we identified S. frederici in four disparate British sites, two in Nottinghamshire, one each in Berkshire and Anglesey, Wales. Identification was based on their site in the host (caecum and not small intestine), on key morphological criteria that differentiate this species from S. stroma (in particular the tail of female worms) and by sequencing two genetic loci (cytochrome C oxidase 1 gene and a section of ribosomal DNA). Sequences derived from both genetic loci of putative British S. frederici isolates formed a tight clade with sequences from continental worms known to be S. frederici, clearly distinguishing these isolates from S. stroma which formed a tight clade of its own, distinct from clades representative of Syphacia obvelata from Mus and S. muris from Rattus. The data in this paper therefore constitute the first record of S. frederici from British wood mice, and confirm the status of this species as distinct from both S. obvelata and S. stroma.

U60 ([UO2(O2)(OH)]60 60− in water) is a uranyl peroxide nanocluster with a fullerene topology and O h symmetry. U60 clusters can exist in crystalline solids or in liquids; however, little is known of their behavior at high pressures. We compressed the U60-bearing material: Li68K12(OH)20[UO2(O2)(OH)]60(H2O)310 ( $Fm\bar 3$ ; a = 37.884 Å) in a diamond anvil cell to determine its response to increasing pressure. Three length scales and corresponding structural features contribute to the compression response: uranyl peroxide bonds (<0.5 nm), isolated single nanoclusters (2.5 nm), and the long-range periodicity of nanoclusters within the solid (>3.7 nm). Li68K12(OH)20[UO2(O2)(OH)]60(H2O)310 transformed to a tetragonal structure below 2 GPa and irreversibly amorphized between 9.6 and 13 GPa. The bulk modulus of the tetragonal U60-bearing material was 25 ± 2 GPa. The pressure-induced amorphous phase contained intact U60 clusters, which were preserved beyond the loss of long-range periodicity. The persistence of U60 clusters at high pressure may have been enhanced by the interaction between U60 nanoclusters and the alcohol pressure medium. Once formed, U60 nanoclusters persist regardless of their associated long-range ordering—in crystals, amorphous solids, or solutions.

Puccinia obtegens (Link) Tul., an autoecious rust pathogen, is a potential biological control agent of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.]. Ten ecotypes of Canada thistle were inoculated with uredospores of P. obtegens and sporulation was observed on all ecotypes. Infection types varied among and within ecotypes, indicating that host-resistance is one factor limiting rust infection. No correlation was found between Canada thistle susceptibility to the rust and host plant ecotype classification, stomatal density, amount of leaf pubescence, or spore germinability on leaf surfaces.

Recognition that alien plants pose a significant threat to biodiversity has not always translated into effective management strategies, policy reforms, and systems to establish priorities. Thus, many alien plant management decisions for the protection of biodiversity occur with limited knowledge of what needs to be protected (other than biodiversity in a generalized sense) or the urgency of actions. To rectify this, we have developed a triage system that enables alien plant management decisions to be made based on (1) the urgency of control relative to the degree of threat posed to biodiversity, compared with (2) the likelihood of achieving a successful conservation outcome as a result of alien plant control. This triage system is underpinned by a two-step approach, which identifies the biodiversity at risk and assesses sites to determine priorities for control. This triage system was initially developed to manage the threat posed by bitou bush to native species in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. It has subsequently been improved with the national assessment of lantana in Australia, and the adaptation from a single to multiple alien plant species approach on a regional scale. This triage system identifies nine levels of priority for alien plant management aimed at biodiversity conservation, ranging from immediate, targeted action to limited or no action. The development of this approach has enabled long-term management priorities to be set for widespread alien plants that are unlikely to be eradicated. It also enables control to occur in a coordinated manner for biodiversity conservation at a landscape scale, rather than as a series of individual unconnected short-term actions.

Bridal creeper has become a serious environmental weed in southern Australia. Historically the invaded areas had low soil nutrient levels. However, our field surveys indicate that soils in bridal creeper–invaded areas have higher phosphorus and iron levels than soils in nearby native reference areas regardless of the proximity to agriculture or other disturbances. A glasshouse experiment was undertaken to determine the influence of increased nutrients on plants that co-occur with bridal creeper in order to (1) assess the impact of changed soil conditions and (2) predict the response of dominant species following the biological control of bridal creeper. The relative growth rate (RGR) of bridal creeper, two native shrubs (narrow-leaved thomasia [Thomasia angustifolia] and bluebell creeper [Billardiera heterophylla]), and an invasive exotic grass (annual veldt grass [Ehrharta longiflora]) were determined in three soil types: soil collected within a bridal creeper stand, soil collected from a nearby reference area, and a potting mix with nutrient levels higher than that recorded in the field. The plant species were chosen due to their association with bridal creeper. For example, the native species narrow-leaved thomasia was identified in a previous survey as the most abundant shrub at the invaded site where the soil was collected. The two other species, bluebell creeper and annual veldt grass, were identified from a previous seedbank trial as being abundant (in the seedbank) and able to readily germinate in invaded areas. When grown in either the bridal creeper–invaded soil or reference soil, bluebell creeper had significantly lower RGRs than narrow-leaved thomasia and annual veldt grass. However, as all these species showed increases in RGRs between reference soil and bridal creeper soil, this study indicates that for at least these three species the impact of increased nutrients may not be a barrier to the recovery of invaded areas following the control of bridal creeper.