The ‘inclusion–moderation thesis’ suggests that populist parties will be tamed by government inclusion. However, empirical evidence is mixed. We argue that this may be explained by different strategic contexts. We hypothesize that populist parties that rely on coalition partners will reduce their populist communication when they have credible government prospects. We analyse multiple years of political communication by two radical-right populist parties, the Swiss People's Party (SVP) and the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). Although the two parties are rather similar ideologically, this is a most different systems design (MDSD). While the SVP is a typical governing party that was only in opposition once (2007/2008), the FPÖ is typically in opposition, with recent government experience (2017–2019). This empirical analysis focuses on these crucial periods. We find evidence of moderation before joining government for both parties in our pooled analysis. However, individual analyses suggest that this was much clearer for the SVP.

Depressive disorders represent the largest proportion of mental illnesses, and by 2030, they are expected to be the first cause of disability-adjusted life years [1]. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated prevalence and burden of depression and increased the occurrence of depressive symptoms in general population [2]. The urgency of implementing mental health services to address new barriers to care persuaded clinicians to use telemedicine to follow patients and stay in touch with them, and to explore digital therapeutics (DTx) as potential tools for clinical intervention [2]. The combination of antidepressants and psychotherapy is widely recommended for depression by international guidelines [3] but is less frequently applied in real-world practice. Commonly used treatments are pharmacological, but while being effective, some aspects such as adherence to the drug regimen, residual symptoms, resistance, lack of information, and stigma may hinder successful treatment. In case of less severe depression, standalone psychological therapies should be the first-line treatment option [3], but access to trained psychotherapists remains inequitable. DTx are evidence-based therapies driven by software programs to treat or complement treatment of a specific disease. DTx are classified as Medical Devices, and given their therapeutic purpose, they need to be validated through randomized controlled clinical trials, as for drug-based therapies. In the last 10 years, studies of digital interventions have proliferated; these studies demonstrate that digital interventions increase remission rates and lower the severity of depressive symptoms compared with waitlist, treatment as usual, and attention control conditions [4]. Despite the efficacy demonstrated in clinical trials, many of these tools never reach real-life patients; thus, it might be necessary to implement DTx in the public health system to expand access to valid treatment options. In this framework, DTx represent a good opportunity to help people with depression receive optimal psychotherapeutic care [5].

Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) represents 4–10% of bone and joint infections. In Western countries, its incidence seems to increase, simultaneously with an increasing number of comorbidities among an ageing population. This study aimed to assess the evolution of VO epidemiology in France over the 2010–2019 decade. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted using the French hospital discharge data collected through the French diagnosis-related groups ‘Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information’. VOs were detected with a previously validated case definition using International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10) codes, implemented with the French current procedural terminology codes. The study population included all patients hospitalised in France during the 2010–2019 decade, aged 15 years old and more. Patient and hospital stay characteristics and their evolutions were described. During the study period, 42 105 patients were hospitalised for VO in France involving 60 878 hospital stays. The mean VO incidence was 7.8/100 000 over the study period, increasing from 6.1/100 000 in 2010 to 11.3/100 000 in 2019. The mean age was 64.8 years old and the sex ratio was 1.56. There were 31 341 (74.4%) patients with at least one comorbidity and 3059 (7.3%) deceased during their hospital stay. Even if rare, device-associated VOs (4450 hospital stays, 7.3%) highly increased over the period. The reliability of the method, based upon an exhaustive database and a validated case definition, provided an effective tool to compare data over time in real-life conditions to regularly update the epidemiology of VO.

This paper presents low-order models of Rayleigh–Bénard convection of a radiating gas in a cubic cell, in the Rayleigh number range $Ra \in [ 10^6\text {--}10^8 ]$. Numerical simulations are carried out for an air–$\textrm {H}_2\textrm {O}$–$\textrm {CO}_2$ mixture assumed to be radiating (coupled case) or transparent (uncoupled case). When coupling with radiation, it is shown that the kinetic energy of the flow and the thermal energy increase. At $Ra=10^6$, planar flow states are observed when radiation is taken into account, while diagonal flow states prevail in the uncoupled case. From $Ra\ge 3\times 10^7$, quasi-stable diagonal flows are observed in both coupled and uncoupled simulations, with occasional brief reorientations. The reorientation frequency seems to decrease with the Rayleigh number and seems to increase with radiation. A proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis reveals that 11 of the first 12 POD eigenfunctions are preserved over the Rayleigh number range, whatever the coupling conditions. However, POD eigenvalues are higher with radiation. POD-based low-order models are derived at different Rayleigh numbers, for both coupled and uncoupled cases. Radiative transfer effects are added in the model in an a priori fashion, from uncoupled simulation data. Coupled POD models predict the energy increase with radiation and the loss of stability of the diagonal rolls at $Ra=10^6$. Uncoupled and coupled models correctly reproduce reorientation frequencies over the Rayleigh number range. Finally, a generalised model is derived, solely based on uncoupled simulation data at $Ra=10^7$ and energy scaling laws. This generalised model captures the change in dynamics associated with radiation effects and variations in Rayleigh number, except at $Ra=10^6$.

Durum wheat culture requires a high level of N fertilization to achieve ideal protein concentration for semolina and pasta quality, contributing to N losses. Optimizing plant N use efficiency could improve agro-environmental balance. In the current paper, we studied the impact of the marine (DPI4913) and fungal (AF086) extracts (biostimulants) applied on leaves on growth, N absorption and N fluxes in durum wheat in field and greenhouse experiments. In the field, 15NO3− and 15NH4+ were injected into the soil; in the greenhouse, N of the flag-leaf was labelled with 15NH4+. Flag-leaf senescence was studied by estimating leaf chlorophyll concentration. In greenhouse, biostimulants increased grain yield, total N in plant and the proportion of plant N in ears. When water was limited in greenhouse experiment, neither biostimulants had any effect. In the field, DPI4913 increased soil fertilizer-derived 15N accumulated in grains. In the greenhouse, biostimulants increased the proportion of 15N applied to the flag-leaf recovered in grains and accelerated leaf senescence. For plants treated with biostimulants, flag-leaf N resorption increased. Biostimulants had a larger positive impact on mineral N root uptake than on N remobilization. In conclusion, our study has shown that DPI4913 and AF086 can promote plant growth and grain yield, N uptake and remobilization. Thus, these biostimulants could be used to optimize durum wheat N fertilization and contribute to reduced N losses.

This paper presents a reduced-order modelling strategy for Rayleigh–Bénard convection of a radiating gas, based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of coupled natural convection and radiative transfer in a cubic Rayleigh–Bénard cell is performed for an $\text{air}/\text{H}_{2}\text{O}/\text{CO}_{2}$ mixture at room temperature and at a Rayleigh number of $10^{7}$. It is shown that radiative transfer between the isothermal walls and the gas triggers a convection growth outside the boundary layers. Mean and turbulent kinetic energy increase with radiation, as well as temperature fluctuations to a lesser extent. As in the uncoupled case, the large-scale circulation (LSC) settles in one of the two diagonal planes of the cube with a clockwise or anticlockwise motion, and experiences occasional brief reorientations which are rotations of $\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2$ of the LSC in the horizontal plane. A POD analysis is conducted and reveals that the dominant POD eigenfunctions are preserved with radiation while POD eigenvalues are increased. Two POD-based reduced-order models including radiative transfer effects are then derived: the first one is based on coupled DNS data while the second one is an a priori model based on uncoupled DNS data. Owing to the weak temperature differences, radiation effects on mode amplitudes are linear in the models. Both models capture the increase in energy with radiation and are able to reproduce the low-frequency dynamics of reorientations and the high-frequency dynamics associated with the LSC velocity observed in the coupled DNS.

This paper investigates the large-scale flow reorientations of Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a cubic cell using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis and modelling. A direct numerical simulation is performed for air at a Rayleigh number of $10^{7}$ and shows that the flow is characterized by four quasi-stable states, corresponding to a large-scale circulation lying in one of the two diagonal planes of the cube with a clockwise or anticlockwise motion, with occasional brief reorientations. Proper orthogonal decomposition is applied to the joint velocity and temperature fields of an enriched database which captures the statistical symmetries of the flow. We found that each quasi-stable state consists of a superposition of four spatial modes representing three types of structures: (i) a mean-flow mode consisting of two stacked counter-rotating torus-like structures; (ii) two large-scale two-dimensional rolls (pair of degenerated modes) which form large-scale diagonal rolls when combined together; and (iii) an eight-roll mode that transports fluid from one corner to the other and strengthens the circulation along the diagonal. In addition, we identified three other modes that play a role in the reorientation process: two boundary-layer modes (pair of degenerated modes) that connect the core region with the horizontal boundary layers and one mode associated with corner rolls. The symmetries of the different POD modes are discussed, as well as their temporal dynamics. A description of the reorientation process in terms of POD modes is provided and compared with other modal approaches available in the literature. Finally, Galerkin projection is used to derive a POD-based reduced-order model. Unresolved modes are accounted for in the model by an extra dissipation term and the addition of noise. A seven-mode model is able to reproduce the low-frequency dynamics of the large-scale reorientations as well as the high-frequency dynamics associated with the large-scale circulation rotation. Linear stability analysis and sensitivity analysis confirm the role of the boundary-layer modes and the corner-rolls mode in the reorientation process.

In this contribution, the impact of extreme environmental conditions in terms of energy-level radiation of protons on silicon–germanium (SiGe)-integrated circuits is experimentally studied. Canonical representative structures including linear (passive interconnects/antennas) and non-linear (low-noise amplifiers) are used as carriers for assessing the impact of aggressive stress conditions on their performances. Perspectives for holistic modeling and characterization approaches accounting for various interaction mechanisms (substrate resistivity variations, couplings/interferences, drift in DC and radio frequency (RF) characteristics) for active samples are down to allow for optimal solutions in pushing SiGe technologies toward applications with harsh and radiation-intense environments (e.g. space, nuclear, military). Specific design prototypes are built for assessing mission-critical profiles for emerging RF and mm-wave applications.

The Galway Astronomical Stokes Polarimeter (GASP) is a high time resolution, full-Stokes imaging polarimeter which utilises a Fresnel rhomb prism as a beam-splitter and quarter wave retarder. The ability to perform optical photometry and polarimetry at high frame rates enables more detailed studies of a multitude of compact objects including; optical pulsars, magnetars and Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). We present a brief discussion of the instruments’ current capabilities and hardware design. GASP is currently configured with two Electron Multiplying Charge-Coupled Devices (EMCCDs), which offer sub-millisecond frame readout speeds over a defined region of interest on the sensor. We will report results from an observational campaign at the William Herschel Telescope (WHT) in December, 2015. During this campaign GASP was used to study the Crab Pulsar, V404 Cygni and polarisation standards. As a subset of our analysis we have identified a significant contribution from the Interstellar Medium (ISM) and the interaction of a varying polarised source with the ISM, the subsequent conversion of linearly polarised light to circular, and its dependence on the angle of the source emission electric field orientation. Further to the presentation of results we will discuss future observational work, which is planned for September 2017 and subsequent improvements to increase the temporal resolution of the detectors.

A new asteroid taxonomy will be an important result of Gaia observations of Solar System objects. Since Gaia observes asteroids in observing conditions and in an interval of wavelength which are slightly different with respect to normal ground-based observations, a dedicated observing campaign has been carried out at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo in La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). The obtained spectra have been used to generate a large number of synthetic clones, each one having slight changes with respect to its parent spectrum. These synthetic spectra are then used to feed the algorithm of taxonomic classification developed to reduce Gaia asteroid spectra. Processing of these data is in progress.

A high-resolution record of paleostorm events along the French Mediterranean coast over the past 7000 years was established from a lagoonal sediment core in the Gulf of Lions. Integrating grain size, faunal analysis, clay mineralogy and geochemistry data with a chronology derived from radiocarbon dating, we recorded seven periods of increased storm activity at 6300–6100, 5650–5400, 4400–4050, 3650–3200, 2800–2600, 1950–1400 and 400–50 cal yr BP (in the Little Ice Age). In contrast, our results show that the Medieval Climate Anomaly (1150–650 cal yr BP) was characterised by low storm activity.

The evidence for high storm activity in the NW Mediterranean Sea is in agreement with the changes in coastal hydrodynamics observed over the Eastern North Atlantic and seems to correspond to Holocene cooling in the North Atlantic. Periods of low SSTs there may have led to a stronger meridional temperature gradient and a southward migration of the westerlies. We hypothesise that the increase in storm activity during Holocene cold events over the North Atlantic and Mediterranean regions was probably due to an increase in the thermal gradient that led to an enhanced lower tropospheric baroclinicity over a large Central Atlantic-European domain.

The formation of massive stars remains one of the most intriguing questions in astrophysics today. The main limitations result from the difficulty to obtain direct observational constraints on the formation process itself. In this context, the Carina High-contrast Imaging Project of massive Stars (CHIPS) aims to observe all 80+ O stars in the Carina nebula using the new VLT 2nd-generation extreme-AO instrument SPHERE. This instrument offers unprecedented imaging contrast allowing us to detect the faintest companions around massive stars. These novel observational constraints will help to discriminate between the different formation scenarios by comparing their predictions for companion statistics and properties.

In this contribution, we study the design and experimental characterization of a reconfigurable transmitarray in X-band with reduced focal distance. To this end, we consider an illumination with four feed horn antennas in two different configurations. The focal distance and the horn configuration in the focal plane have been optimized with an in-house simulation tool. The effects of source placement errors and excitation unbalances are also studied. The numerical results show a reduction of the focal distance by a factor 1.8 if compared with the single-source case, for a reconfigurable 400-element transmitarray designed in X-band. Moreover, generation of multiple beams is considered and demonstrated numerically for spatial power combining applications. The experimental results obtained in radiation are in good agreement with the numerical predictions. This multiple-source transmitarray exhibits similar radiation performances as the single-source one in terms of gain, bandwidth and beam tilting capabilities, but with about half its volume. This technique seems very attractive for a better integration on various platforms such as vehicles, drones, aircrafts, buildings, etc.

Megalithic art is a well-known feature of the Neolithic chambered tombs of Atlantic Europe. The surviving evidence consists largely of carved motifs, and, until recently, painted megalithic art was thought to be restricted to western Iberia. Recent discoveries have expanded that distribution, assisted by new methods of detection, recording and analysis. The discovery of painted motifs at Barnenez in Brittany, reported here, marks a breakthrough and raises the possibility that many megalithic tombs in north-west Europe were once coloured as well as carved. Similarities in motifs and techniques also point to the likelihood of direct connections with Iberia.