Varicella is a vaccine-preventable infectious disease. Since 1 December 2018, the varicella vaccine has been included in the local Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Wuxi, China, and children born after 1 December 2014 are eligible for free vaccination. To evaluate the effect of varicella vaccination in Wuxi city, we selected 382 397 children born from 2012 to 2016 as subjects. Their disease data were obtained from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and their vaccination data were obtained from the Jiangsu Province Vaccination Integrated Service Management Information System. The incidence of breakthrough varicella cases increased in the first 4 years and reached the peak in the fifth year. With the increase of vaccination rate, the incidence of varicella decreased significantly. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was found to be 88.17%–95.78% for one dose and 98.65%–99.93% for two doses. Although the VE per dose decreased from 99.57% in the first year to 93.04% in the eighth year, it remained high. These findings confirmed the effectiveness of varicella vaccination in children, supported the use of a two-dose varicella vaccination strategy to achieve better protection, and provided important insights into the optimal vaccination strategy for varicella prevention in children.

Varicella vaccination is optional and requires self-payment. On 1 December 2018, Wuxi City launched a free varicella vaccination program for children. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in varicella incidence before and after the implementation of the policy. The data were obtained from official information systems and statistical yearbooks. We divided the period into chargeable (January 2017 to November 2018) and free (December 2018 to December 2021) periods. Interrupt time series analysis was used to conduct a generalised least-squares regression analysis for the two periods. A total of 51,071 varicella cases were reported between January 2017 and December 2021. After the implementation of the policy, there was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of varicella (β2 = −0.140, P = 0.017), and the slope of the incidence also decreased by 0.012 (P = 0.015). Following policy implementation, the incidence decreased in all age groups, with the largest decline observed among children aged 8–14 years (β2 = −1.109, P = 0.009), followed by children aged ≤7 years (β2 = −0.894, P = 0.013). Our study found a significant reduction in the incidence of varicella in the total population after the introduction of free varicella vaccination in Wuxi City.

Fast microjets can emerge out of liquid pools from the rebounding of drop-impact craters, or when a bubble bursts at its surface. The fastest jets are the narrowest and are a source of aerosols both from the ocean and from a glass of champagne, of importance to climate and the olfactory senses. The most singular jets, which we observe experimentally at a maximum velocity of $137\pm 4\ {\rm m}\ {\rm s}^{-1}$ and a diameter of $12\ \mathrm {\mu }{\rm m}$, under reduced ambient pressure, are produced when a small dimple forms at the crater bottom and rebounds without pinching off a small bubble. The radial collapse and rebounding of this dimple is purely inertial, but highly sensitive to initial conditions. High-resolution numerical simulations reveal a new focusing mechanism, which drives the fastest jet within a converging conical channel, where an entrained air sheet provides effective slip at the outer boundary of the conically converging flow into the jet. This configuration bypasses any viscous cutoff of the jetting speed and explains the extreme sensitivity to initial conditions observed in detailed experiments of the phenomenon.

Let $k\geq 2$ and $(X_{i}, \mathcal {T}_{i}), i=1,\ldots ,k$, be $\mathbb {Z}^{d}$-actions topological dynamical systems with $\mathcal {T}_i:=\{T_i^{\textbf {g}}:X_i{\rightarrow } X_i\}_{\textbf {g}\in \mathbb {Z}^{d}}$, where $d\in \mathbb {N}$ and $f\in C(X_{1})$. Assume that for each $1\leq i\leq k-1$, $(X_{i+1}, \mathcal {T}_{i+1})$ is a factor of $(X_{i}, \mathcal {T}_{i})$. In this paper, we introduce the weighted topological pressure $P^{\textbf {a}}(\mathcal {T}_{1},f)$ and weighted measure-theoretic entropy $h_{\mu }^{\textbf {a}}(\mathcal {T}_{1})$ for $\mathbb {Z}^{d}$-actions, and establish a weighted variational principle as

$$ \begin{align*} P^{\textbf{a}}(\mathcal{T}_{1},f)=\sup\bigg\{h_{\mu}^{\textbf{a}}(\mathcal{T}_{1})+\int_{X_{1}}f\,d\mu:\mu\in\mathcal{M}(X_{1}, \mathcal{T}_{1})\bigg\}. \end{align*} $$

This result not only generalizes some well-known variational principles about topological pressure for compact or non-compact sets, but also improves the variational principle for weighted topological pressure in [16] from $\mathbb {Z}_{+}$-action topological dynamical systems to $\mathbb {Z}^{d}$-actions topological dynamical systems.

The internal electric field of a 2D P-N junction of a semiconductor is mapped out by two techniques: measuring the deflection of the transmitted beam in micro-STEM mode with acquisition and data fitting of an un-scattered beam image, and through the derivative of electrostatic potential maps by dual lens electron holography. Comparable results of the P-N junction internal electric field measured with these two techniques are reported.

High-Mg andesites (HMAs) are crucial for the reconstruction of plate tectonics, continental margin formation and lithospheric evolution. In this study, we present new fossil age, whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotope data on the newly discovered Dundunshan Group HMAs in the Dundunshan area of the Beishan orogen (central-southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt). The Dundunshan HMA samples are characterized by high MgO (6.47–7.02 wt%) contents and high Mg# values (67.27–68.77), with SiO2 (58.57–62.13 wt%), Al2O3 (14.49–16.07 wt%) and CaO (5.05–6.24 wt%) resembling typical HMAs. The Dundunshan HMA samples are calc-alkaline and strongly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs), with slightly negative Eu anomaly and high-field-strength element (HFSE) depletions. Their (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios (0.7041–0.7057) and ϵNd(t) (3.73–5.59) indicate that the Dundunshan HMAs were mainly formed by the interactions between subducted oceanic sediment-derived melts and mantle peridotites. Fossil evidence and published radiometric age data constrain the formation of the Dundunshan HMAs to early Late Devonian time. Sedimentological features of the Middle Devonian Sangejing Formation and regional tectonic correlation suggest that the Hongliuhe–Niujuanzi–Xichangjing Ocean in the Dundunshan area was likely closed during late Middle Devonian time, and that the Dundunshan HMAs were formed in a post-collision extensional setting.

Thermal convection of fluid is a more efficient way than diffusion to carry heat from hot sources to cold places. Here, we experimentally study the Rayleigh–Bénard convection of aqueous glycerol solution in a cubic cell with suspensions of rod-like particles made of polydimethylsiloxane. The particles are inertial due to their large thermal expansion coefficient and finite sizes. The thermal expansion coefficient of the particles is three times larger than that of the background fluid. This contrast makes the suspended particles lighter than the local fluid in hot regions and heavier in cold regions. The heat transport is enhanced at relatively large Rayleigh number ($\textit {Ra}$) but reduced at small $\textit {Ra}$. We demonstrate that the increase of Nusselt number arises from the particle–boundary layer interactions: the particles act as ‘active’ mixers of the flow and temperature fields across the boundary layers.

A 1178 J near diffraction limited 527 nm laser is realized in a complete closed-loop adaptive optics (AO) controlled off-axis multi-pass amplification laser system. Generated from a fiber laser and amplified by the pre-amplifier and the main amplifier, a 1053 nm laser beam with the energy of 1900 J is obtained and converted into a 527 nm laser beam by a KDP crystal with 62% conversion efficiency, 1178 J and beam quality of 7.93 times the diffraction limit (DL). By using a complete closed-loop AO configuration, the static and dynamic wavefront distortions of the laser system are measured and compensated. After correction, the diameter of the circle enclosing 80% energy is improved remarkably from 7.93DL to 1.29DL. The focal spot is highly concentrated and the 1178 J, 527 nm near diffraction limited laser is achieved.

We study singular jets from the collapse of drop-impact craters, when the drop and pool are of different immiscible liquids. The fastest jets emerge from a dimple at the bottom of the rebounding crater, when no bubble is pinched off. The parameter space is considerably more complex than for identical liquids, revealing intricate compound-dimple shapes. In contrast to the universal capillary–inertial drop pinch-off regime, where the neck radius scales as $R\sim t^{2/3}$, for a purely inertial air dimple the collapse has $R \sim t^{1/2}$. The bottom dimple dynamics is not self-similar but possesses memory effects, being sensitive to initial and boundary conditions. Sequence of capillary waves can therefore mould the air dimple into different collapse shapes, such as bamboo-like and telescopic forms. The finest jets are only $12\ \mathrm {\mu }\textrm {m}$ in diameter and the normalized jetting speeds are up to one order of magnitude larger than for jets from bursting bubbles. We study the cross-over between the two power laws approaching the singularity. The singular jets show the earliest cross-over into the inertial regime. The fastest jets can pinch off a toroidal micro-bubble from the cusp at the base of the jet.

Transmission of varicella occurs frequently in schools and households. We investigated the characteristics of varicella cases derived from within-household transmission and the modes of varicella transmission between school and household settings in Shanghai, China, from 2009 to 2018. Within-household transmission occurred in 278 households, of which 134 transmission events were between children. Sixty-one household varicella transmission events may be attributed to isolation procedures for infected students during school outbreaks, and 7.6% of school outbreaks were caused by schoolchildren cases derived from within-household transmission. The frequency of ‘school-household-school’ transmission adds an additional layer of complexity to the control of school varicella outbreaks. Administration of varicella vaccine as post-exposure prophylaxis after exposure is considered to be an effective measure to control varicella spread within households and schools.

Iron carbide (Fe1−xCx) thin films were successfully grown by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) using bis(N,N′-di-tert-butylacetamidinato)iron(II) as a precursor and H2 plasma as a reactant. Smooth and pure Fe1−xCx thin films were obtained by the PEALD process in a layer-by-layer film growth fashion, and the x in the nominal formula of Fe1−xCx is approximately 0.26. For the wide PEALD temperature window from 80 to 210 °C, a saturated film growth rate of 0.04 nm/cycle was achieved. X-ray diffraction and transition electron microscope measurements show that the films grown at deposition temperature 80–170 °C are amorphous; however, at 210 °C, the crystal structure of Fe7C3 is formed. The conformality and resistivity of the deposited films have also been studied. At last, the PEALD Fe1−xCx on carbon cloth shows excellent electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution.

Two coaxial waveguide bend mode converters that transform coaxial transverse electromagnetic mode to TE11 coaxial waveguide mode are presented in this paper. Both converters are designed and optimized on the basis of the strictly derived mode coupling coefficients. Conversion efficiencies of both converters are over 99% and the power-handling capacities reach a gigawatt level. The combined dual-bend mode converter is fabricated and tested. The experimental results coincide well with the theoretical calculations and simulations, which demonstrates the feasibility of the designed converter.

Facilitated by the establishment of terrestrial networks and satellite constellations of Automatic Identification System (AIS) receivers, large quantities of spatial and temporal information that trace ships' paths have been collected. The exponential increase in the amount of AIS data has caused expensive and time-consuming transmission, calculation and storage problems. Using appropriate trajectory simplification methods in a timely manner to compress redundant information while minimising the loss of importation information is important. To minimise the simplification error, this paper proposes an online multi-dimensional simplification algorithm for AIS trajectory streaming data. The simplification algorithm takes into account position, direction and speed preservation. Finally, a comparison experiment with other algorithms is made to examine the effectiveness of this algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed online multi-dimensional simplification algorithm can effectively preserve a ship's motion state, including its position, speed and course.

Laser pulses of 200 ps with extremely high intensities and high energies are sufficient to satisfy the demand of shock ignition, which is an alternative path to ignition in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). This paper reports a type of Brillouin scheme to obtain high-intensity 200-ps laser pulses, where the pulse durations are a challenge for conventional pulsed laser amplification systems. In the amplification process, excited Brillouin acoustic waves fulfill the nonlinear optical effect through which the high energy of a long pump pulse is entirely transferred to a 200-ps laser pulse. This method was introduced and achieved within the SG-III prototype system in China. Compared favorably with the intensity of $2~\text{GW}/\text{cm}^{2}$ in existing ICF laser drivers, a 6.96-$\text{GW}/\text{cm}^{2}$ pulse with a width of 170 ps was obtained in our experiment. The practical scalability of the results to larger ICF laser drivers is discussed.