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Weekly cycles in emotion were examined by combining item response modeling and spectral analysis approaches in an analysis of 179 college students' reports of daily emotions experienced over 7 weeks. We addressed the measurement of emotion using an item response model. Spectral analysis and multilevel sinusoidal models were used to identify interindividual differences in intraindividual cyclic change. Simulations and incomplete data designs were used to examine how well this combination of analysis techniques might work when applied to other practical data problems. Empirically, we found systematic individual differences in the extent to which individuals' emotions follow a weekly cycle, and in how such cycles are exhibited. Weekly cycles accounted for very little variance in day to day emotions at the individual level. Analytically, we illustrate how measurement, change, and interindividual difference models from different traditions may be combined in a practical manner to describe some of the complexities of human behavior.
OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Supported by the State of Alabama, the Alabama Genomic Health Initiative (AGHI) is aimed at preventing and treating common conditions with a genetic basis. This joint UAB Medicine-HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology effort provides genomic testing, interpretation, and counseling free of charge to residents in each of Alabama’s 67 counties. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Launched in 2017, as a state-wide population cohort, AGHI (1.0) enrolled 6,331 Alabamians and returned individual risk of disease(s) related to the ACMG SF v2.0 medically actionable genes. In 2021, the cohort was expanded to include a primary care cohort. AGHI (2.0) has enrolled 750 primary care patients, returning individual risk of disease(s) related to the ACMG SF v3.1 gene list and pre-emptive pharmacogenetics (PGx) to guide medication therapy. Genotyping is done on the Illumina Global Diversity Array with Sanger sequencing to confirm likely pathogenic / pathogenic variants in medically actionable genes and CYP2D6 copy number variants using Taqman assays, resulting in a CLIA-grade report. Disease risk results are returned by genetic counselors and Pharmacogenetics results are returned by Pharmacists. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have engaged a statewide community (>7000 participants), returning 94 disease risk genetic reports and 500 PGx reports. Disease risk reports include increased predisposition to cancers (n=38), cardiac diseases (n=33), metabolic (n=12), other (n=11). 100% of participants harbor an actionable PGx variant, 70% are on medication with PGx guidance, 48% harbor PGx variants and are taking medications affected. In 10% of participants, pharmacists sent an active alert to the provider to consider/ recommend alternative medication. Most commonly impacted medications included antidepressants, NSAIDS, proton-pump inhibitors and tramadol. To enable the EMR integration of genomic information, we have developed an automated transfer of reports into the EMR with Genetics Reports and PGx reports viewable in Cerner. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We share our experience on pre-emptive implementation of genetic risk and pharmacogenetic actionability at a population and clinic level. Both patients and providers are actively engaged, providing feedback to refine the return of results. Real time alerts with guidance at the time of prescription are needed to ensure future actionability and value.
Present food systems threaten population and environmental health. Evidence suggests reduced meat and increased plant-based food consumption would align with climate change and health promotion priorities. Accelerating this transition requires greater understanding of determinants of plant-based food choice. A thriving plant-based food industry has emerged to meet consumer demand and support dietary shift towards plant-based eating. ‘Traditional’ plant-based diets are low-energy density, nutrient dense, low in saturated fat and purportedly associated with health benefits. However, fast-paced contemporary lifestyles continue to fuel growing demand for meat-mimicking plant-based convenience foods which are typically ultra-processed. Processing can improve product safety and palatability and enable fortification and enrichment. However, deleterious health consequences have been associated with ultra-processing, though there is a paucity of equivocal evidence regarding the health value of novel plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) and their capacity to replicate the nutritional profile of meat-equivalents. Thus, despite the health halo often associated with plant-based eating, there is a strong rationale to improve consumer literacy of PBMAs. Understanding the impact of extensive processing on health effects may help to justify the use of innovative methods designed to maintain health benefits associated with particular foods and ingredients. Furthering knowledge regarding the nutritional value of novel PBMAs will increase consumer awareness and thus support informed choice. Finally, knowledge of factors influencing engagement of target consumer subgroups with such products may facilitate production of desirable, healthier PBMAs. Such evidence-based food manufacturing practice has the potential to positively influence future individual and planetary health.
Many works have considered two-dimensional free-surface flow over the edge of a plate, forming a waterfall, and with uniform horizontal flow far upstream. The flow is assumed to be steady and irrotational, whilst the fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible. Gravity is also taken into account. In particular, amongst these works, numerical solutions for supercritical flows have been computed, utilising conformal mappings as well as a series truncation and collocation method. We present an extension to this work where a more appropriate expression is taken for the assumed form of the complex velocity. The justification of this lies in the behaviour of the waterfall flow far downstream and the wish to better encapsulate the parabolic nature of such a free-falling jet. New numerical results will be presented, demonstrating the improved shape of the new free-surface profiles. These numerical solutions will also be validated through comparisons with asymptotic solutions, in particular for flows with larger Froude numbers. For flows with Froude numbers closer to 1, we demonstrate that the revised complex velocity ansatz should be employed in place of the asymptotic solution. We present further adjustments to the method that lead to enhanced coefficient decay. The aforementioned adjustments are also applied to supercritical weir flows and similar improvements to the jet shape can be observed.
Oesophageal foreign body removal may be challenging. If a foreign body is sufficiently high risk and cannot be retrieved via oesophagoscopy, laparotomy may be required as the foreign body migrates distally.
Objective
This paper presents the use of the plastic tubing from an intravenous giving set, combined with rigid oesophagoscopy grasping forceps, in order to improve purchase and obtain sufficient traction on a large, smooth, metallic distal oesophageal foreign body (knife).
Results and conclusion
This method offers an option for removal of oesophageal foreign bodies that may be rendered challenging with traditional metal grasping forceps given the lack of purchase and traction afforded by a ‘metal on metal’ grip, potentially avoiding the need for open surgery.
The Subglacial Antarctic Lakes Scientific Access (SALSA) Project accessed Mercer Subglacial Lake using environmentally clean hot-water drilling to examine interactions among ice, water, sediment, rock, microbes and carbon reservoirs within the lake water column and underlying sediments. A ~0.4 m diameter borehole was melted through 1087 m of ice and maintained over ~10 days, allowing observation of ice properties and collection of water and sediment with various tools. Over this period, SALSA collected: 60 L of lake water and 10 L of deep borehole water; microbes >0.2 μm in diameter from in situ filtration of ~100 L of lake water; 10 multicores 0.32–0.49 m long; 1.0 and 1.76 m long gravity cores; three conductivity–temperature–depth profiles of borehole and lake water; five discrete depth current meter measurements in the lake and images of ice, the lake water–ice interface and lake sediments. Temperature and conductivity data showed the hydrodynamic character of water mixing between the borehole and lake after entry. Models simulating melting of the ~6 m thick basal accreted ice layer imply that debris fall-out through the ~15 m water column to the lake sediments from borehole melting had little effect on the stratigraphy of surficial sediment cores.
We consider the asymptotic structure of a steady developed viscous thin film passing the sharp trailing edge of a horizontally aligned flat plate under the weak action of gravity acting vertically and surface tension. The surprisingly rich details of the flow in the immediate vicinity of the trailing edge are elucidated both analytically and numerically. As a central innovation, we demonstrate how streamline curvature serves to regularise the edge singularity apparent on larger scales via generic viscous–inviscid interaction. This is shown to be provoked by weak disturbances of accordingly strong exponential downstream growth, which we trace from the virtual origin of the flow towards the trailing edge. They represent a prototype of the precursor to free interaction in the most general sense, which, interestingly, has not attracted due attention previously. Moreover, we delineate how an increased effect of gravity involves marginally choked flow at the edge.
The stratigraphical limits on the age of the Freetown intrusion, Sierra Leone, are very wide, yet the intrusion has not previously been accurately dated by isotopic methods, despite a number of attempts. Rubidium-strontium dating of acid veins contemporaneous with the early stages of the prolonged cooling history of the intrusion provides an age of 193 ± 3 Ma. The veins consist of quartz and orthoclase with relict minerals, principally plagioclase, from thehost gabbro. Electron-microprobe analysis of the altered minerals of the veins, and the petrography of the vein and adjacent host gabbro clearly demonstrate that the veins were formed from a granitic fraction, differentiated in situ from the surrounding solid gabbro with the assistance of a hydrous fluid phase within the incipient vein. This assertion is supported by the identical, low value of the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0·70389) obtained from both the acid and basic rocks, and the technique described here may be useful in dating other, similar, intrusions.
Bohdanowiczite was first described in 1967 but incomplete data prevented its acceptance as a new mineral at that time. Additional data on the same material now characterize bohdanowiczite as a new species with the formula:
The mineral occurs in intimate intergrowths with clausthalite and wittichenite in polymetallic mineralization at Kletno in Poland. In reflected light bohdanowiczite has a creamy-yellow colour and short polysynthetic twinning is frequently observed. Cell parameters indexed on a hexagonal lattice are a = 4.183±0.008 Å and c = 19.561± 0.016 Å. Pm1 is the most likely space group. The strongest lines of the powder pattern are 2.91(100), 2.03(30), 3.40(20), 6.54(20), 2.09(18), 3.26(18). The calculated density is 7.72 gm/cm3 and the VHN between 63 and 96 kg/mm2.
Tristramite, a new mineral of the rhabdophane group, has the composition (Ca0.54U4+0.29Fe3+0.17)Σ1.00 [(PO4)0.79(SO4)0.12(CO3)0.07]Σ0.98·1.77H2O. It occurs as a late-stage replacement or matrix to brecciated uraninite (var. pitchblende) associated with sulphides in hydrothermal veins related to Hercynian granites in south-west England. It is hexagonal, space group P6222, with a 6.913 ± 0.003 Å and c 6.422 ± 0.006 Å. The strongest lines of the indexed powder pattern are 2.99 (100), 2.83 (100), 2.14 (50), 1.850 (50), 5.99 (40), 4.37 (40), 3.46 (30). For comparison, new indexed powder data for rhabdophane from Fowey Consols, Cornwall, are included. The mineral is pale yellow to greenish yellow, uniaxial positive with ω 1.644 and ε 1.664, and does not fluoresce in either short-or long-wave ultraviolet light. The habit is acicular or fibrous and no cleavage has been observed. Density (g/cm3) 3.8–4.2 (meas.), 4.18 (calc.).
Microprobe analyses of members of the erlichmanite-laurite series from Guma Water and Senduma, Sierra Leone and Tanah Laut, Borneo, indicate that complete solid solution is possible between OsS2 and RuS2 with considerable substitution of Os and Ru by Ir, Rh, and Pt. The cell size of the erlichmanite from Guma Water is a = 5.6183±0.0003 Å at a composition (Os0.61Ru0.30Ir0.06Rh0.03)Σ0.93S2 whilst the laurite from Senduma has a composition of (Ru0.88Os0.05Ir0.04 Rh0.03)Σ0.93S2 and a cell size of a = 5.6089±0.0005 Å. Substitution of Os for Ru provides the predominant cause of the variation of cell size. Substitution by other elements of the platinum group appears to produce little effect on cell size and is presumably controlled by genesis rather than considerations of crystal chemistry or structure. The recorded analyses for these elements indicate a pre-dominance of Ir over Rh for members of the series containing more than about 15% of the laurite molecule. For the remainder of the series Rh is more important than Ir. The reflectance in air and oil of the members of the series from Sierra Leone and Borneo are presented and the microhardness of the erlichmanite from Guma Water shown to be 1854 kg/mm2. This is the first report of laurite from Senduma, Sierra Leone.
A new analysis of the type material of cheralite specifies the individual rare earth elements. Unit cell contents are: (REE1.58Th1.15Ca1.03Pb0.05U0.15)3.96 (P3.67Si0.33)4.01O16. Refinement of the cell parameters based on new XRD data shows that a = 6.7515 ± 0,0005 Å, b = 6.9625 ± 0.0005, c = 6.468 ± 0.0005, β = 103° 53′, giving a cell volume of 295.2 Å3. Space group P21/n.
An electromagnetic stress-wave generator which was developed to study shock waves in snow and ice is described. This system works on the principle of generating large electrical currents to produce highly transient loads on the test specimen. In its present configuration, the generator can produce pressures ranging from a few kilopascals to as large as 104 kPa and load frequencies as, high as 150 kHz. The system has been found to have high repeatability and has good turn-round time.
Mass gatherings (MGs) and special events typically involve large numbers of people in unfamiliar settings, potentially creating unpredictable situations. To assess the information available to guide emergency services and onsite medical teams in planning and preparing for potential mass casualty incidents (MCIs), we analyzed the literature for the past 30 years.
Methods
A search of the literature for MCIs at MGs from 1982 to 2012 was conducted and analyzed.
Results
Of the 290 MCIs included in this study, the most frequently reported mechanism of injury involved the movement of people under crowded conditions (162; 55.9%), followed by special hazards (eg, airplane crashes, pyrotechnic displays, car crashes, boat collisions: 57; 19.6%), structural failures (eg, building code violations, balcony collapses: 38; 13.1%), deliberate events (26; 9%), and toxic exposures (7; 2.4%). Incidents occurred in Asia (71; 24%), Europe (69; 24%), Africa (48; 17%), North America (48; 27%), South America (27; 9%), the Middle East (25; 9%), and Australasia (2; 1%). A minimum of 12 877 deaths and 27 184 injuries resulted.
Conclusions
Based on our findings, we recommend that a centralized database be created. With this database, researchers can further develop evidence to guide prevention efforts and mitigate the effects of MCIs during MGs. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-7)
The American State Administrators Project is a half-century long research program surveying the attitudes and behavior of state agency leaders. The project has produced a voluminous number of publications and conference papers. At the same time it has also faced several difficulties in making its data more widely available to the scholarly community. This paper describes the Project, some of the data difficulties it has faced, and the portion of the data being distributed with this article.
Deil Spencer Wright, Alumni Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, passed away on June 30 2009, at the age of 79. Born on June 18, 1930, in Three Rivers, Michigan, to working-class parents, Deil received his BA, MPA, and Ph.D. from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He spent time on the faculties of Wayne State University, the University of Iowa, and the University of California at Berkeley before landing at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for the bulk of his career.
Experiments on the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the cat based on 14C 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography and intraocular injections of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) provided evidence for gradients of metabolic activity in the ON and OFF pathways in layer A, but only very weakly, if at all, in layer Al. Alert and freely moving cats were exposed to square-wave gratings over a 45-min period after injection of the 2-DG. When one eye had been treated previously with APB, contralateral layer A showed a clear gradient of 2-DG label indicating that the remaining OFF pathway was most active ventrally in the layer and, by implication, that the ON pathway is normally most active dorsally. No gradient was apparent in layer Al ipsilateral to the APB eye. Control experiments based on binocular injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX) demonstrated that no gradients were present in the baseline activity within the layers. Finally, monocular injections of TTX provided evidence for gradients of nondominant eye activity in layers A and Al that were maximal near the interlaminar zone between layers A and A1 and declined in mirror-symmetric fashion toward the dorsal border of A and the ventral border of A1.
Combined with earlier anatomical studies showing depth-dependent patterns of geniculo-cortical projection, these results indicate that in the cat, as in several other species, the visual input to striate cortex is partly organized around ON and OFF pathways. In addition, the results suggest that a systematic variation of binocular interaction, perhaps related to ocular dominance, exists through the depths of the geniculate layers. Understanding how the ON and OFF pathways, and binocular interactions, are organized in the thalamus may provide insight into the functional merging of these systems in the cortex.