To celebrate the 10th anniversary of BJPsych Open, this Editorial highlights papers published in BJPsych Open over the past decade that have focused on university student mental health. Common mental disorders are increasing in young people and those going on to higher education make up an important and sizeable sector of this population. At the same time, success in university studies is a major determinant of individual and societal health and prosperity. As a field of inquiry, university student mental health research gained momentum through the COVID-19 pandemic and associated campus closures, pivot to remote learning and social restrictions. Although research describing student well-being and mental health burden align globally, not enough is known about determinants that inform sustainable and scalable prevention and early intervention. Furthermore, research evidence should inform university policies, practices and benchmarks to ensure responsive and effective student well-being and mental health support that underpins academic and life success.

By 2022, 96% of U.S. acute care hospitals reported having water management programs (WMPs). Hospitals with more ICU beds and greater infection prevention expertise were more likely to conduct water infection control risk assessments (WICRAs). Smaller, rural hospitals showed lower adoption of both WMPs and WICRAs, suggesting resource-based disparities in WMP implementation.

Despite rapid growth, digital mental health tools rarely deliver meaningful clinical impact. Psychiatrists’ attitudes to technology and private–industry partnerships are key. To embed safe, effective technologies into real-world psychiatric care, a shift from proliferation to precision is required. Co-production, equity, implementation science and academia–industry–clinical partnerships need emphasis.

Evolutionary theory supports the claim that romantic relationships matter more to men than to women. Humans follow the general pattern of ardent males and coy females, but our mostly monogamous mating system means that sexual relationships generally are romantic. The decoupling of sex and romance may be a modern development that does not represent most of human evolutionary history.

A thin, two-dimensional deposit of viscoplastic fluid is studied as it slumps atop a horizontal plate exhibiting in-plane oscillations. Numerical results are reported for a range of Bingham and oscillatory Reynolds numbers, and comparison is made with asymptotic results obtained for low oscillatory Reynolds numbers. When inertia is small, these flows become arrested as time $t\rightarrow \infty$, and approach a symmetric state where the maximum basal stress in a period of oscillation balances with the yield stress. An exact expression for this final shape is obtained. The deposit slumps further across the plate at small Bingham numbers and results in a thinner profile. The arrested shape is equivalent to the down-slope arrested state attained by viscoplastic fluid on an inclined plane, for an inclination angle that is related to the plate oscillation parameters and gravity. For a Herschel–Bulkley fluid, it is shown that small perturbations to the final shape decay as $t^{-2N/(N+2)}$ at late times, where $N$ is the fluid’s strain-rate power-law index. This decay rate is slower than from slumps driven solely by gravity, which is due to the differing physical mechanisms driving the approach to the arrested state. With forced oscillations, yielding occurs only within progressively shorter intervals of time about the maximum basal stress, whereas the inclined plane deposit is always yielded in some diminishing region at the base.

Objectives/Goals: To identify population-specific and ancestry-informed genetic loci for blood pressure traits, characterize X chromosome associations, and evaluate evidence for evolutionary pressures influencing blood pressure risk across ancestries, which may be used downstream clinically for personalized medicine and drug target identification. Methods/Study Population: We conducted multi-ancestry and ancestry-stratified genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) across >2.5M individuals (40% non-European) from 16 cohorts and biobanks. Analyses were adjusted for age, age², sex, body mass index, and the first 10 principal components. Fixed-effects meta-analyses were followed by SuSiEx cross-population fine-mapping to identify ancestry-specific loci. We evaluated genetic differentiation using the fixation index (FST) and allele frequency directionality using the sign test to infer potential evolutionary pressures. Results/Anticipated Results: Multi-ancestry meta-analyses identified 2,406 significant independent loci for SBP (1,594 novel), 2,358 DBP (1,509 novel), and 2,312 PP (1,432 novel). Chromosome X analyses revealed 8 SBP, 80 DBP, and 8 PP loci. SuSiEx fine-mapping identified ancestry-specific signals, including a pulse pressure SNP near CTSL (Asian-specific) and a DBP SNP in CACNA1D (African-specific). Sign tests indicated enrichment of DBP risk alleles when comparing African and Asian populations and when comparing Admixed American and Asian populations (p < 0.01), supported by elevated FST values for variants with larger effect sizes. These findings suggest that ancestry-specific selection may influence blood pressure regulation. Discussion/Significance of Impact: This is the largest and most ancestrally diverse blood pressure genetics study to date and one of few to include X chromosome analyses, which enabled discovery of thousands of novel and population-specific loci and revealed evolutionary and biological insights that may advance precision medicine for hypertension.

Objectives/Goals: Endometrial cancer (ECa) incidence is rising rapidly in women under 40 years of age, and response rates and progression-free survival remain poor in advanced ECa. New targeted therapies are urgently needed. The objective of this study is to develop and test a potent inhibitor that targets midkine (MDK) for treating ECa. Methods/Study Population: Using the three-dimensional structure of human MDK, we rationally designed a small organic molecule (HBS-101) that directly binds with MDK and that functions as a MDK inhibitor. Microscale thermophoresis assay (MST) and in silico docking studies were used to demonstrate direct binding of HBS-101 to MDK. In vitro activity was tested using MTT, clonogenicity, and apoptosis assays. Mechanistic studies were conducted using Western blot, RT-qPCR, STAT3 and NFkB reporter gene assays, RNseq, and TEM. Status of MDK in ECa was determined using TNMplot database. Pharmacokinetics, Maximum Tolerable Dose, and in vivo efficacy studies were conducted using mouse models. HBS-101 efficacy in chemotherapy-resistant ECa was demonstrated using therapy-resistant primary ECa (TR-ECa) cells generated in-house. Results/Anticipated Results: MDK is highly expressed in ECa tumors compared to normal tissues. MDK and its receptors are expressed in established and primary ECa cell lines. Knockdown of MDK reduced ECa cell proliferation and colony formation. HBS-101 directly binds to MDK with nanomolar affinity, and a potential interaction surface on MDK was identified. HBS-101 decreased ECa cell viability and colony formation with an IC₅₀ ranging from 0.5 to 5 µM. Mechanistic studies showed that HBS-101 suppressed STAT3 and NFκB activity and induced cell death, ER stress, and ferroptosis. TR-ECa cells exhibited sensitivity to HBS-101. HBS-101 possesses favorable drug-like properties, including oral bioavailability, in vivo stability and little in vivo toxicity up to 10 mg/kg. HBS-101 significantly inhibited tumor growth in ECa PDX models. Discussion/Significance of Impact: HBS-101 is a novel therapeutic agent that targets MDK via a unique mechanism, shows favorable pharmacokinetics, and induces apoptosis and ferroptosis in ECa cells by blocking MDK signaling. HBS-101 shows promise in treating high-grade and therapy-resistant ECa and may help overcome the current lack of good treatment options for these patients.

Dynamic surface loads generate stress waves in snow that can trigger slab avalanches. Previously, we determined Maxwell-viscoelastic model parameters from one-dimensional, homogeneous laboratory experiments resembling Compression Tests (CTs). Building off this, we extend the laboratory experiments and modeling effort to layered and two-dimensional configurations that resemble CTs and Extended Column Tests (ECTs) in flat terrain. Stress and acceleration data from 850 individual impacts are used to validate a finite element model. The model is then extended to domains beyond the laboratory geometries to explore stress wave behavior without a stiff lower boundary and finite widths. The results show that isolating a column, as is done in a CT and ECT, effectively creates a wave guide, altering the distribution of stress. The position of cohesive snow layers is also shown to affect the stress distribution by comparing ‘softer’ over ‘harder’ stratigraphy and vice versa. In a ‘softer’ over ‘harder’ configuration, modeled results indicate that both vertical-normal compressive stress and shear stress penetrate deeper below the layer interface. Above the interface, the modeled results show vertical-normal compressive stress is greater in a ‘softer’ over ‘harder’ configuration, while the shear stress is greater in the ‘harder’ over ‘softer’ configuration.

High-latitude or high-altitude caves often preserve ice deposits that contain valuable signals of past climate conditions, sometimes even reflecting regional and local atmospheric variability. Phases of aggradation or degradation of underground ice can also provide insights into the temporal evolution of Alpine permafrost. Such data are typically obtained from ice cores, which require a well-constrained chronological framework to be meaningful. In recent years, several dating methods have been developed or refined for glacier and ice sheet cores. However, some of these techniques have not yet been applied to cave ice. In this study, the 39Ar dating technique using Argon Trap Trace Analysis is applied for the first time to an underground ice deposit in the southeastern Alps, specifically in the Canin-Kanin massif (Julian Alps). The results are compared with pollen markers extracted from the ice, with U-Th dating of cryogenic cave carbonates found in situ within the same ice block, and with radiocarbon (14C) dating of the water-insoluble organic carbon fraction embedded in the ice. This integrated approach enabled dating the ice deposit to the end of the Little Ice Age, at the onset of the subsequent warming phase.

Understanding how households adapt to hurricanes is increasingly important as these events become more frequent and severe. This paper examines how past hurricane exposure influences current household preparedness, focusing specifically on the stockpiling of bottled water. Leveraging scanner data on bottled water purchases for households in the Southeastern United States, we employ a difference-in-differences event study framework to analyze how repeated hurricane experiences affect consumer behavior. Our results indicate that households exposed to hurricane warnings do not increase their preparedness in the subsequent hurricane season, and those experiencing a landfall event underprepare. These results suggest limited learning from past events.