This study explored junior mental health workers’ experiences of conducting assessments involving traumatic events. Semi-structured interviews with 11 junior mental health workers from a UK primary care mental health service were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Participants discussed themes of ambiguity in distinguishing trauma and PTSD, high levels of pressure, management of personal distress, appropriate training, and personal support in-service. Findings corroborate previous research regarding challenges experienced by junior mental health workers and offer novel insight into the challenges faced when assessing service-users’ experiences of traumatic events. Recommendations regarding future training, service design and emotional outlets for junior mental health workers are offered.

Online platforms and activities, including smartphones, computers, social media, video games and applications involving artificial intelligence, have become a regular part of daily life and offer individuals a wide range of benefits. The purpose of this document is to increase psychiatrists’ awareness of the frequency and potential risks associated with excessive internet use, and to emphasise the need for psychiatrists to routinely question patients about their online activities. Internet use may become excessive and result in both psychological distress and physical impairments. Treatments and countermeasures may be required to address the harmful consequences of excessive internet use. Psychiatrists should be aware of patient online activities. Understanding of a patient’s online behaviour should now be a routine part of a psychiatric interview.

Aquinas presents his argument for the existence of an uncaused cause of all effects in his Second Way in the Summa theologiae as a deductively valid argument from premises known with certainty. This seems unwarranted, since the argument gives no reason for there being only one uncaused cause, and the reasons it gives for rejecting an endless causal regress seem unconvincing. These apparent shortcomings can be better understood by examining Aquinas’s metaphysics of causation, which is presupposed by the argument. He uses a form of composition argument to justify the claim that endless per se causal series cannot exist. He does not argue against the possibility of a multiplicity of uncaused causes because he sees no rational grounds for entertaining this possibility. Given Aquinas’s metaphysical assumptions, it is correct to take the Second Way to be a deductively sound argument.

Domestic cats have lived alongside human communities for thousands of years, hunting rats, mice, and other pests and serving as pets and a source of pelts and meat. Cats have received limited archaeological attention because their independence limits direct insight into human societies. An adult and juvenile cat recovered from the Emanuel Point wreck 2 (EP2) reflect what are, most likely, the earliest cats in what is now the United States. Zooarchaeological analyses of these and other archaeological cats in the Americas demonstrate that cats ranged substantially in size: some were comparable to modern house cats, and others were much smaller. Isotopic analyses of the adult cat from EP2 provides insight into early shipboard cat behavior and their diet, which appears to have focused on consumption of fish and possibly domestic meat. Cats accompanied sailors on ships where they were relied on to hunt rats and mice that were infesting ships’ holds. Interestingly, based on these isotopic results, the adult cat from EP2 does not seem to have relied heavily on rats as a source of food. These pests were unintentionally introduced to the New World, and cats would have followed, hunting both native and invasive pests.

Double-diffusive convection can arise when the fluid density is set by multiple species which diffuse at different rates. Different flow regimes are possible depending on the distribution of the diffusing species, including salt fingering and diffusive convection. Flows arising from diffusive convection commonly exhibit step-like density profiles with sharp density interfaces separated by well-mixed layers. The formation of density layers is also seen in stratified turbulence, where a framework based on sorted density coordinates (Winters & D’Asaro 1996 J. Fluid Mech. 317, 179–193) has been used to diagnose layer formation (Zhou et al. 2017 J. Fluid Mech. 823, 198–229; Taylor & Zhou 2017 J. Fluid Mech. 823, R5). In this framework, the evolution of the sorted density profile can be expressed solely in terms of the eddy diffusivity, $\kappa _e$. Here, we use the same framework to diagnose layer formation in two-dimensional simulations of double-diffusive convection. We show that $\kappa _e$ is negative everywhere, with the antidiffusive effect strongest in ‘well-mixed’ layers where a positive diffusion coefficient may be expected. By considering a decomposition of the budget of the square of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency $\partial N^2_*/\partial t$, we demonstrate that the density layers are maintained by fundamentally different processes than in single-component stratified turbulence. In more complicated flows where stratified turbulence and double-diffusive convection can coexist, this framework could provide a method to distinguish between the mechanisms responsible for generating density layers.

Objectives/Goals: Digital recruitment can improve participant engagement in medical research, but its potential to introduce demographic and socioeconomic biases is unclear. This study investigates pathways participants took during a digital recruitment workflow in neurology, examining potential associations with socioeconomic and demographic factors. Methods/Study Population: As part of an ongoing study aiming to remotely capture speech from patients with neurologic disease, most participants seen in neurology on our campus are invited to complete a self-administered speech examination. We exported participant data from Epic (semi-automated identification and invitation), Qualtrics (eligibility screening), the participant tracking database (consent), and the recording platform (completion) for March to July 2024. Data visualization was performed using a Sankey diagram. Socioeconomic status was assessed using the housing-based socioeconomic status (HOUSES) index and area deprivation index (ADI) national rank. Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare the median age, socioeconomic indices, and time taken to reach different steps of the study. Results/Anticipated Results: Of the 5846 invited participants, 57% were from urban areas, 23% from rural areas, and 20% from urban clusters. Most did not read/respond (2739) or declined (1749) the initial invitation via Epic. Of the 1358 interested participants, 415 completed the study. Participants from urban areas completed enrollment steps faster than those from rural areas and urban clusters, though the variance was large (42.6 ± 41.4 days vs. 50.6 ± 42.2 days and 50 ± 43.9 days, respectively; p  =  0.030). Female participants took longer to complete enrollment than males (48.7 ± 44 days vs. 40.5 ± 38.8 days; p  =  0.026). Participants who successfully finished the study had significantly lower ADI national ranks compared to other common pathways (40.6 ± 19; p  =  0.0021). No associations were found with the HOUSES indices. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Our findings support differences in participant engagement, with urban participants and males more likely to complete enrollment steps. Those who finished the study were less disadvantaged suggesting potential bias in digital recruitment. These findings can inform strategies to improve digital recruitment in neurology research.

Japanese stiltgrass is one of the most troublesome invasive weed species in the eastern United States. Strategies for controlling the weed in managed lawns are limited because most previous research was conducted in forest understories or on golf course natural areas. Eight field experiments were conducted in Virginia from 2014 to 2019 to evaluate the response of Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and Japanese stiltgrass to selective herbicides traditionally marketed for use on cool-season turfgrass. Only treatments that contained mesotrione caused transient injury to tall fescue of 15% to 25% at 2 wk after treatment (WAT). When fenoxaprop was applied at a rate of 35 g ha−1 or higher, at 8 WAT Japanese stiltgrass was controlled by ≥90%, relative cover was reduced to <15% compared with a nontreated control, and shoot density was reduced to ≤6 shoots m−2. Sequential applications of topramezone at 27 g ha−1 at 3-wk intervals, or a single application of topramezone at 54 g ha−1 alone or with triclopyr, resulted in ≥80% control of Japanese stiltgrass and a reduction in relative weed cover and shoot density to ≤22% and <35 shoots m−2, respectively. Fenoxaprop applied at 0.25× of the labeled rate and herbicide combinations that contained topramezone selectively controlled Japanese stiltgrass without injuring tall fescue. Fluazifop applied at 53 g ha− 1 resulted in 25% injury to Kentucky bluegrass and digitally assessed turf cover was reduced by 20% at 4 WAT, but turfgrass recovered by 6 WAT. Reduced rates of fluazifop provided 85% control of Japanese stiltgrass, and a reduction in weed shoot density to <20 shoots m−2, and relative cover to <20% at 8 WAT. Kentucky bluegrass did not appear to be injured with premixed applications of dicamba, fenoxaprop, and fluroxypyr, but Japanese stiltgrass was controlled by ≥92%, the relative weed cover was reduced to ≤7%, and shoot density was reduced to ≤5 shoots m−2 at 8 WAT. Our research provides herbicide options for turf managers for controlling Japanese stiltgrass in lawns of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue.

The linear stability of miscible displacement for radial source flow at infinite Péclet number in a Hele-Shaw cell is calculated theoretically. The axisymmetric self-similar flow is shown to be unstable to viscous fingering if the viscosity ratio $m$ between ambient and injected fluids exceeds $3/2$, and to be stable if $m\lt {3/2}$. If $1\lt m\lt {3/2}$, then small disturbances decay at rates between $t^{-3/4}$ and $t^{-1}$ (the exact range depending on $m$) relative to the $t^{1/2}$ radius of the axisymmetric base-state similarity solution; if $m\lt 1$, then they decay faster than $t^{-1}$. Asymptotic analysis confirms these results and gives physical insight into various features of the numerically determined relationship between the growth rate and the azimuthal wavenumber and viscosity ratio.

The gift-exchange game is a form of sequential prisoner's dilemma, developed by Fehr et al. (1993), and popularized in a series of papers by Ernst Fehr and co-authors. While the European studies typically feature a high degree of gift exchange, the few U.S. studies provide some conflicting results. We find that the degree of gift exchange is surprisingly sensitive to an apparently innocuous change—whether or not a comprehensive payoff table is provided in the instructions. We also find significant and substantial time trends in responder behavior.

This study is the first to attempt to isolate a relationship between cognitive activity and equilibration to a Nash Equilibrium. Subjects, while undergoing fMRI scans of brain activity, participated in second price auctions against a single competitor following predetermined strategy that was unknown to the subject. For this auction there is a unique strategy that will maximize the subjects’ earnings, which is also a Nash equilibrium of the associated game theoretic model of the auction. As is the case with all games, the bidding strategies of subjects participating in second price auctions most often do not reflect the equilibrium bidding strategy at first but with experience, typically exhibit a process of equilibration, or convergence toward the equilibrium. This research is focused on the process of convergence.

In the data reported here subjects participated in sixteen auctions, after which all subjects were told the strategy that will maximize their revenues, the theoretical equilibrium. Following that announcement, sixteen more auctions were performed. The question posed by the research concerns the mental activity that might accompany equilibration as it is observed in the bidding behavior. Does brain activation differ between being equilibrated and non-equilibrated in the sense of a bidding strategy? If so, are their differences in the location of activation during and after equilibration? We found significant activation in the frontal pole especially in Brodmann's area 10, the anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala and the basal forebrain. There was significantly more activation in the basal forebrain and the anterior cingulate cortex during the first sixteen auctions than in the second sixteen. The activity in the amygdala shifted from the right side to the left after the solution was given.

In this paper we discuss laboratory experiments that address the problem of self-governance in an asymmetric commons dilemma. Small-scale irrigation systems that provide food for hundreds of millions of people around the world are probably the most common example of such dilemmas. Here, we formulate an abstract dilemma in which subjects make both a decision about investment in the provision of infrastructure associated with the use of a resource and about how much to extract from the common-pool resource made available by this infrastructure. The impact of inherent asymmetry in irrigation systems on the provision of a resource and the impact of communication on the capacity of the group to solve the two-level commons dilemma of cooperation and coordination based on the analysis of the experimental data are discussed.

Inspired by laboratory experiments showing internal waves generated by a plume impinging upon a stratified fluid layer (Ansong & Sutherland. 2010 J. Fluid Mech. 648, 405–434), we perform large eddy simulations in three dimensions to examine the structure and source of internal waves emanating from the top of a plume that rises vertically into stratification whose strength ranges over two orders of magnitude between different simulations. Provided the plume is sufficiently energetic to penetrate into the stratified layer, internal waves are generated with frequencies in a relatively narrow band moderately smaller than the buoyancy frequency. Through adaptations of ray theory including viscosity and use of dynamic mode decomposition, we show that the waves originate from within the turbulent flow rather than at the turbulent/non-turbulent interface between the fountain top and the surrounding stratified fluid.