Recent changes to US research funding are having far-reaching consequences that imperil the integrity of science and the provision of care to vulnerable populations. Resisting these changes, the BJPsych Portfolio reaffirms its commitment to publishing mental science and advancing psychiatric knowledge that improves the mental health of one and all.

The stars of the Milky Way carry the chemical history of our Galaxy in their atmospheres as they journey through its vast expanse. Like barcodes, we can extract the chemical fingerprints of stars from high-resolution spectroscopy. The fourth data release (DR4) of the Galactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) Survey, based on a decade of observations, provides the chemical abundances of up to 32 elements for 917 588 stars that also have exquisite astrometric data from the Gaia satellite. For the first time, these elements include life-essential nitrogen to complement carbon, and oxygen as well as more measurements of rare-earth elements critical to modern-life electronics, offering unparalleled insights into the chemical composition of the Milky Way. For this release, we use neural networks to simultaneously fit stellar parameters and abundances across the whole wavelength range, leveraging synthetic grids computed with Spectroscopy Made Easy. These grids account for atomic line formation in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium for 14 elements. In a two-iteration process, we first fit stellar labels to all 1 085 520 spectra, then co-add repeated observations and refine these labels using astrometric data from Gaia and 2MASS photometry, improving the accuracy and precision of stellar parameters and abundances. Our validation thoroughly assesses the reliability of spectroscopic measurements and highlights key caveats. GALAH DR4 represents yet another milestone in Galactic archaeology, combining detailed chemical compositions from multiple nucleosynthetic channels with kinematic information and age estimates. The resulting dataset, covering nearly a million stars, opens new avenues for understanding not only the chemical and dynamical history of the Milky Way but also the broader questions of the origin of elements and the evolution of planets, stars, and galaxies.

The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, the Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society represent the core expertise regarding healthcare infection prevention and infectious diseases and have written multisociety statement for healthcare facility leaders, regulatory agencies, payors, and patients to strengthen requirements and expectations around facility infection prevention and control (IPC) programs. Based on a systematic literature search and formal consensus process, the authors advocate raising the expectations for facility IPC programs, moving to effective programs that are:

• Foundational and influential parts of the facility’s operational structure

• Resourced with the correct expertise and leadership

• Prioritized to address all potential infectious harms

This document discusses the IPC program’s leadership—a dyad model that includes both physician and infection preventionist leaders—its reporting structure, expertise, and competencies of its members, and the roles and accountability of partnering groups within the healthcare facility. The document outlines a process for identifying minimum IPC program medical director support. It applies to all types of healthcare settings except post-acute long-term care and focuses on resources for the IPC program. Long-term acute care hospital (LTACH) staffing and antimicrobial stewardship programs will be discussed in subsequent documents.

Commercial targeted sprayer systems allow producers to reduce herbicide inputs but risks the possibility of not treating emerging weeds. Currently, targeted applications with the John Deere system have five spray sensitivity settings, and no published literature discusses the effects of these settings on detecting and spraying weeds of varying species, sizes, and positions in crops. Research was conducted in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, and North Carolina on plantings of corn, cotton, and soybean to determine how various factors might influence the ability of targeted applications to treat weeds. These data included 21 weed species aggregated to six classes with height, width, and densities ranging from 25 to 0.25 cm, 25 to 0.25 cm, and 14.3 to 0.04 plants m−2, respectively. Crop and weed density did not influence the likelihood of treating the weeds. As expected, the sensitivity setting alters the ability to treat weeds. Targeted applications (across sensitivity settings, median weed height and width, and density of 2.4 plants m−2) resulted in a treatment success of 99.6% to 84.4% for Convolvulaceae, 99.1% to 68.8% for decumbent broadleaf weeds, 98.9% to 62.9% for Malvaceae, 99.1% to 70.3% for Poaceae, 98.0% to 48.3% for Amaranthaceae, and 98.5% to 55.8% for yellow nutsedge. Reducing the sensitivity setting reduced the ability to treat weeds. The size of weeds aided targeted application success, with larger weeds being more readily treated through easier detection. Based on these findings, various conditions can affect the outcome of targeted multinozzle applications. Additionally, the analyses highlight some of the parameters to consider when using these technologies.

Introducing new herbicides requires a comprehensive understanding of how crops respond to various herbicide-related factors. Fluridone was registered for use in rice production in 2023, but research on rice tolerance to this herbicide is lacking. Hence, field research aimed to 1) evaluate the effect of fluridone application timing on rice tolerance and 2) assess rice response to fluridone in a mixture with standard rice herbicides applied to 3-leaf rice. Both experiments were conducted in a delay-flooded dry-seeded system using a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Treatments in the first experiment included a nontreated control and 10 application timings, ranging from 20 d preplant to postflood. The second experiment had a two-factor factorial structure, with factor A being the presence/absence of fluridone, and factor B being herbicide partners, including bispyribac-sodium, fenoxaprop, penoxsulam, propanil, quinclorac, quizalofop, and saflufenacil. In the first experiment, the maximum injury in 2022 was 28%, caused by the preemergence treatment. In 2023, fluridone applied preemergence caused the greatest injury (42%) 2 wk after flood establishment, declining to 37% in late season (13 d before rice reached 50% heading). Yield reductions of 21% occurred with the delayed preemergence treatment in 2022 and 42% with the preemergence treatment in 2023. Mixing fluridone with standard herbicides increased rice injury by no more than eight percentage points compared with the herbicides applied alone. Additionally, no adverse effects on rice groundcover or grain yield resulted from fluridone in the mixture. These results indicate a need to avoid fluridone applications near planting because of negative impacts on rice. Furthermore, fluridone can be mixed with commonly used rice herbicides, offering minimal risk to rice.

Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is a postemergence rice herbicide that has reduced rice yield in some situations, and producers are concerned that the impact could be even greater with low rice seeding densities. Therefore, research was conducted in Stoneville, MS, from 2019 to 2021, to evaluate the effect of florpyrauxifen-benzyl on rice yield when a hybrid was seeded at reduced densities. Rice cultivar FullPage RT 7521 FP was seeded at 10, 17, 24, 30, and 37 kg ha−1. At the 4-leaf to 1-tiller growth stage, florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied at 0 or 58 g ai ha−1. Rice injury following application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl was ≤8% across all seeding rates and evaluation intervals. Application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl reduced plant heights by 14% to all seeding rates but did not result in delayed rice maturity. When florpyrauxifen-benzyl was not applied to rice that was seeded at 10 and 17 kg ha−1 seeding rates, rice matured slower than when it was seeded at 24, 30, and 37 kg ha−1. When florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied, rough rice grain yields were reduced by at the 17 and 37 kg ha−1 seeding rates, but not at any other seeding rate. In conclusion, application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl at a 2× rate can cause a loss of yield resulting from variation in rice densities.

Objectives/Goals: The identification of the cascade of molecular and cellular events occurring during the progression of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in human kidney biopsies from kidney transplant (KTx) recipients (KTR) with normal function or recurrent FSGS to determine potential targets of intervention and therapy. Methods/Study Population: In this study, we evaluate the molecular and cellular events associated with primary FSGS in both native and transplant kidneys. We collected biopsy samples from the native normal kidney (nNK, n = 3), normal functioning allografts (NKTx, n = 3), primary FSGS in the native kidney (nFSGS, n = 1), recurrent FSGS (KTxFSGS, n = 5). KTxFSGS comprises a collection of longitudinal samples with biopsy also collected at the subsequent recurrence. Blood samples were collected during biopsy collection. Biopsies were preserved in RNAlater at the time of collection. 10X genomics chromium single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) was performed using isolated nuclei. Data was analyzed using Seurat on R. Conditionally immortalized podocytes were treated with a patient serum to determine the change in expression observed in snRNAseq data. Results/Anticipated Results: Recurrence rates of primary FSGS are high in kidney allograft recipients up to 25–50% in first, and up to 80% in second transplants, often leading to graft loss. Our findings reveal that podocyte detachment is driven by metabolic and structural dysregulation rather than cell death, increasing VEGFA expression and disrupting glomerular endothelial cell growth and permeability. Parietal epithelial cells initially compensate by dedifferentiating toward podocytes but later increase collagen deposition, contributing to glomerular sclerosis. Increased interactions of glomerular cells with B cells exacerbate extracellular matrix deposition and scarring. We also observed tubular sclerosis and disruption of the regenerative potential of proximal tubular cells, with increased interaction with T cells. Discussion/Significance of Impact: These findings offer new insights into the pathogenesis of recurrent FSGS and suggest potential therapeutic targets and establishes a foundation for future studies to further evaluate the role of metabolic dysfunction as the cause of podocyte injury and loss.

Most scholars hold a skeptical view of the war elephant of ancient India. I show that the skepticism of present-day historians derives from ancient Rome, at the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire, when the Romans, having defeated the elephant-deploying powers of the Hellenistic period, ended the use of war elephants in its growing empire for all time. Late Roman war elephant skepticism was taken up by Quintus Curtius Rufus, who embraced it and strengthened it rhetorically in speeches he devised and put into Alexander’s mouth, in his history of Alexander. In this way Roman skepticism about the value of the Indian war elephant was attributed to Alexander, two centuries previous to its formation among the Romans. In modern times the late Roman view that elephants have a tendency to panic and become a greater danger to their own side was turned into a settled truth about elephant physiology, but it does not accord with the evidence offered.

Polar ring galaxies (PRGs) are a unique class of galaxies characterised by a ring of gas and stars orbiting nearly orthogonal to the main body. This study delves into the evolutionary trajectory of PRGs using the exemplary trio of NGC 3718, NGC 2685, and NGC 4262. We investigate the distinct features of PRGs by analysing their ring and host components to reveal their unique characteristics through spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting. Using CIGALE, we performed SED fitting to independently analyse the ring and host spatially resolved regions, marking the first decomposed SED analysis for PRGs, which examines stellar populations using high-resolution observations from AstroSat UVIT at a resolved scale. The UV-optical surface profiles provide an initial idea that distinct patterns in the galaxies, with differences in FUV and NUV, suggest three distinct stages of ring evolution in the selected galaxies. The study of resolved-scale stellar regions reveals that the ring regions are generally younger than their host galaxies, with the age disparity progressively decreasing along the evolutionary sequence from NGC 3718 to NGC 4262. Star formation rates (SFR) also exhibit a consistent pattern, with higher SFR in the ring of NGC 3718 compared to the others, and a progressive decrease through NGC 2685 and NGC 4262. Finally, the representation of the galaxies in the HI gas fraction versus the NUV–$\text r$ plane supports the idea that they are in three different evolutionary stages of PRG evolution, with NGC 3718 in the initial stage, NGC 2685 in the intermediate stage, and NGC 4262 representing the final stage. This study concludes that PRGs undergo various evolutionary stages, as evidenced by the observed features in the ring and host components. NGC 3718, NGC 2685, and NGC 4262 represent different stages of this evolution, highlighting the dynamic nature of PRGs and emphasising the importance of studying their evolutionary processes to gain insights into galactic formation and evolution.