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Diet and Lifestyle in the First Villages of the Middle Preceramic: Insights from Stable Isotope and Osteological Analyses of Human Remains from Paloma, Chilca I, La Yerba III, and Morro I
- David G. Beresford-Jones, Emma Pomeroy, Camila Alday, Robert Benfer, Jeffrey Quilter, Tamsin C. O'Connell, Emma Lightfoot
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- Journal:
- Latin American Antiquity / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / December 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 May 2021, pp. 741-759
- Print publication:
- December 2021
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We present stable isotope and osteological data from human remains at Paloma, Chilca I, La Yerba III, and Morro I that offer new evidence for diet, lifestyle, and habitual mobility in the first villages that proliferated along the arid Pacific coast of South America (ca. 6000 cal BP). The data not only reaffirm the dietary primacy of marine protein for this period but also show evidence at Paloma of direct access interactions between the coast and highlands, as well as habitual mobility in some parts of society. By locating themselves at the confluence of diverse coastal and terrestrial habitats, the inhabitants of these early villages were able to broaden their use of resources through rounds of seasonal mobility, while simultaneously increasing residential sedentism. Yet they paid little substantial health penalty for their settled lifestyles, as reflected in their osteological markers of stature and stress, compared with their agriculturalist successors even up to five millennia later. Contrasting data for the north coast of Chile indicate locally contingent differences. Considering these data in a wider chronological context contributes to understanding how increasing sedentism and population density laid the foundations here for the emergence of Late Preceramic social complexity.
4 - Water Budgets in Ecosystems
- from Part II - Transport Processes and Conservation Budgets in Biogeoscience
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- By John W. Pomeroy, University of Saskatchewan, Matthew K. MacDonald, University of Edinburgh, Pablo F. Dornes, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Robert Armstrong, University of Queensland
- Edited by Edward A. Johnson, University of Calgary, Yvonne E. Martin, University of Calgary
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- Book:
- A Biogeoscience Approach to Ecosystems
- Published online:
- 27 October 2016
- Print publication:
- 13 October 2016, pp 88-132
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Summary
Introduction
Water is the foundation of all ecosystems, whether terrestrial or aquatic. In terrestrial ecosystems freshwater not only provides critical water supply for transpiration during plant photosynthesis and drinking water for animals, but also transports, redistributes and stores energy, nutrients and contaminants. In aquatic and snow ecosystems, water is the medium in which the ecosystem functions and so its state mediates all transactions in these systems. Ecosystems are not passive responders to water but through their structure and function can manage water and associated microclimate – forests, grasslands, organic terrain wetlands, and beaver ponds being just a few examples.
This chapter will examine the surface water budget in terms of the water continuity equation as a manifestation of the hydrological cycle. To solve the continuity equation for water, the chapter will review hydrological processes and how they interact with vegetation, animals, soils, geomorphology and climate in the context of the catchment. The coupling of the mass and energy continuity equations in controlling hydrological processes will be discussed. How hydrological processes and their ecosystem interactions are managed by humans will be introduced. Then the chapter will review calculation schemes for the surface water budget via one-dimensional land surface schemes and catchment-based hydrological models, noting the data requirements, uncertainty and limitations of these models and the balance required between model complexity and physical representation of hydrology. This will give the conceptual ideas and basic mathematics of conservation laws and transport processes that form the basis of many models in the forthcoming chapters.
Hydrological Processes as a Fundamental Component of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
Hydrological Cycle
The hydrological cycle is the flow and storage of water, as liquid, solid or vapor, on and near the Earth's surface. This cycling is a fundamental function of the Earth system and, through its associated latent energy transformations and other influences on land surface characteristics, ensures the habitability of the planet. A representation of the global hydrological cycle is found in Figure 4.1 where it can be seen that there are substantial flows between ocean and land – evaporation and river discharge from land transfer water directly to the oceans or through precipitation and ocean water is evaporated and then forms precipitation over land.
Contributors
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- By Ghazi Al-Rawas, Vazken Andréassian, Tianqi Ao, Stacey A. Archfield, Berit Arheimer, András Bárdossy, Trent Biggs, Günter Blöschl, Theresa Blume, Marco Borga, Helge Bormann, Gianluca Botter, Tom Brown, Donald H. Burn, Sean K. Carey, Attilio Castellarin, Francis Chiew, François Colin, Paulin Coulibaly, Armand Crabit, Barry Croke, Siegfried Demuth, Qingyun Duan, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Thomas Dunne, Ying Fan, Xing Fang, Boris Gartsman, Alexander Gelfan, Mikhail Georgievski, Nick van de Giesen, David C. Goodrich, Hoshin V. Gupta, Khaled Haddad, David M. Hannah, H. A. P. Hapuarachchi, Hege Hisdal, Kamila Hlavčová, Markus Hrachowitz, Denis A. Hughes, Günter Humer, Ruud Hurkmans, Vito Iacobellis, Elena Ilyichyova, Hiroshi Ishidaira, Graham Jewitt, Shaofeng Jia, Jeffrey R. Kennedy, Anthony S. Kiem, Robert Kirnbauer, Thomas R. Kjeldsen, Jürgen Komma, Leonid M. Korytny, Charles N. Kroll, George Kuczera, Gregor Laaha, Henny A. J. van Lanen, Hjalmar Laudon, Jens Liebe, Shijun Lin, Göran Lindström, Suxia Liu, Jun Magome, Danny G. Marks, Dominic Mazvimavi, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Brian L. McGlynn, Kevin J. McGuire, Neil McIntyre, Thomas A. McMahon, Ralf Merz, Robert A. Metcalfe, Alberto Montanari, David Morris, Roger Moussa, Lakshman Nandagiri, Thomas Nester, Taha B. M. J. Ouarda, Ludovic Oudin, Juraj Parajka, Charles S. Pearson, Murray C. Peel, Charles Perrin, John W. Pomeroy, David A. Post, Ataur Rahman, Liliang Ren, Magdalena Rogger, Dan Rosbjerg, José Luis Salinas, Jos Samuel, Eric Sauquet, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Takahiro Sayama, John C. Schaake, Kevin Shook, Murugesu Sivapalan, Jon Olav Skøien, Chris Soulsby, Christopher Spence, R. ‘Sri’ Srikanthan, Tammo S. Steenhuis, Jan Szolgay, Yasuto Tachikawa, Kuniyoshi Takeuchi, Lena M. Tallaksen, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Sally E. Thompson, Elena Toth, Peter A. Troch, Remko Uijlenhoet, Carl L. Unkrich, Alberto Viglione, Neil R. Viney, Richard M. Vogel, Thorsten Wagener, M. Todd Walter, Guoqiang Wang, Markus Weiler, Rolf Weingartner, Erwin Weinmann, Hessel Winsemius, Ross A. Woods, Dawen Yang, Chihiro Yoshimura, Andy Young, Gordon Young, Erwin Zehe, Yongqiang Zhang, Maichun C. Zhou
- Edited by Günter Blöschl, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, Murugesu Sivapalan, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Thorsten Wagener, University of Bristol, Alberto Viglione, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, Hubert Savenije, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
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- Book:
- Runoff Prediction in Ungauged Basins
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
- Print publication:
- 18 April 2013, pp ix-xiv
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Applying the ecosystem services concept to poverty alleviation: the need to disaggregate human well-being
- TIM DAW, KATRINA BROWN, SERGIO ROSENDO, ROBERT POMEROY
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- Journal:
- Environmental Conservation / Volume 38 / Issue 4 / December 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 November 2011, pp. 370-379
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The concept of ecosystem services (ES), the benefits humans derive from ecosystems, is increasingly applied to environmental conservation, human well-being and poverty alleviation, and to inform the development of interventions. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) implicitly recognize the unequal distribution of the costs and benefits of maintaining ES, through monetary compensation from ‘winners’ to ‘losers’. Some research into PES has examined how such schemes affect poverty, while other literature addresses trade-offs between different ES. However, much evolving ES literature adopts an aggregated perspective of humans and their well-being, which can disregard critical issues for poverty alleviation. This paper identifies four issues with examples from coastal ES in developing countries. First, different groups derive well-being benefits from different ES, creating winners and losers as ES, change. Second, dynamic mechanisms of access determine who can benefit. Third, individuals' contexts and needs determine how ES contribute to well-being. Fourth, aggregated analyses may neglect crucial poverty alleviation mechanisms such as cash-based livelihoods. To inform the development of ES interventions that contribute to poverty alleviation, disaggregated analysis is needed that focuses on who derives which benefits from ecosystems, and how such benefits contribute to the well-being of the poor. These issues present challenges in data availability and selection of how and at which scales to disaggregate. Disaggregation can be applied spatially, but should also include social groupings, such as gender, age and ethnicity, and is most important where inequality is greatest. Existing tools, such as stakeholder analysis and equity weights, can improve the relevance of ES research to poverty alleviation.
5 - Regional Economic Integration of the Fisheries Sector in ASEAN Countries
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- By Robert Pomeroy, University of Connecticut-Avery Point, USA, Yolanda T. Garcia, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines, Madan M. Dey, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, USA, Len R. Garces, WorldFish Center, Philippines
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- Book:
- Poverty Reduction through Sustainable Fisheries
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
- Published online:
- 21 October 2015
- Print publication:
- 17 November 2008, pp 75-106
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Summary
ABSTRACT
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is committed to deepening and broadening its internal economic integration and linkages, with the participation of the private sector, to realise an ASEAN Economic Community by 2010, ASEAN's endgoal. The fishery sector is one of the 11 priority sectors identified by ASEAN Leaders. Roadmaps have been developed to ensure that the various measures are effectively and aptly implemented to create an integrated market and production base for each of these sectors. The implementing guidelines fall under two categories: (1) common measures, which cut across all the 11 priority sectors; and (2) specific measures, which have direct relevance to a specific sector. This paper discusses the Roadmap for Integration of the Fisheries Sector, including the results of the key informant interviews conducted by the WorldFish Center's research team in 7 out of the 10 ASEAN countries visited. The paper also includes insights on the existing common and specific measures contained in the roadmap, as well as recommendations on some additional strategies that can help hasten the implementation of the roadmap agreement in member countries.
INTRODUCTION
In December 1997, ASEAN Heads of State and Government unveiled the ASEAN Vision 2020. This document, among other things, envisioned a more economically integrated ASEAN. In particular, the ASEAN Vision 2020 foresees a stable, prosperous, and highly competitive regional economic area where there is free movement of goods, services, investments, and capital. Hence, the concept of an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) would seem to be consistent with the economic aspect of this Vision.
Under this initiative, the AEC will see the ASEAN becoming a single market and production base. The diversity that characterises the region will be turned into opportunities and business complementation to make ASEAN a more dynamic and stronger segment of the global supply chain and world economy. It attempts to combine the economic strengths of member states for regional cohesiveness and enhanced global competitiveness by accelerating the integration of the various economic sectors in the member countries.