Over the last decade, the Australian Dark Energy (OzDES) collaboration has used Reverberation Mapping to measure the masses of high redshift supermassive black holes. Here we present the final review and analysis of this OzDES reverberation mapping campaign. These observations use $6-7$ years of photometric and spectroscopic observations of 735 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) in the redshift range $z\in [0.13, 3.85]$ and bolometric luminosity range $\log_{10}(L_{\mathrm{bol}})\in [44.3, 47.5] \; \mathrm{erg/s}$. Both photometry and spectra are observed in visible wavelengths, allowing for the physical scale of the AGN broad line region to be estimated from reverberations of the H$\beta$, MgII and CIV emission lines. We successfully use reverberation mapping to constrain the masses of 62 super-massive black holes, and combine with existing data to fit a power law to the lag-luminosity relation for the H$\beta$ and MgII lines with a scatter of $\sim0.25$ dex, the tightest yet identified, fit specifically for consistency with high redshift AGN. We fit a similarly constrained relation for CIV, resolving a tension with the low luminosity literature AGN by accounting for selection effects arising from finite survey length. We also examine the impact of emission line width and luminosity (related to accretion rate) in reducing the scatter of these scaling relationships and find no significant improvement over the lag-only approach for any of the three lines. Using these relations, we further estimate the masses and accretion rates of 246 AGN with single epoch methods. We also use these relations to estimate the relative sizes of the H$\beta$, MgII and CIV emitting regions, and find evidence that the MgII emission may occur further out than H$\beta$. In short, we provide a comprehensive benchmark of high redshift AGN reverberation mapping at the close of this most recent generation of surveys, including light curves, time-delays, and a set of significantly improved radius-luminosity relations for use with high-redshift populations.

Although wage rates are lower when employers have monopsony power, we find that the value of a statistical life (VSL) is not reduced when labor markets are more concentrated. Because the estimated VSL is the product of the wage and the wage-risk tradeoff rate, a greater tradeoff rate in highly concentrated U.S. labor markets produces a larger VSL. The general relationship we find is robust with respect to different labor market data. Our results provide the first evidence contradicting policy-related concerns that the VSL is lower in monopsonistic labor markets. The average VSL is often about $13 million (USD 2022) both for the full sample and at the median market concentration level, and it does not decline at higher levels of HHI.

Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) plans to operate a tokamak power plant called ARC in the early 2030s. Tokamak plasmas have stability limits that, if crossed, lead to a rapid termination of the plasma, referred to as a disruption. Disruptions pose a melt risk to the first wall resulting from thermal and non-thermal particle heat fluxes, and an electromagnetic loading risk on all metal components within the equilibrium coils. A comprehensive set of models is used herein to provide an assessment of both mitigated and unmitigated ARC disruption loads. A preliminary massive gas injection system is baselined and a runaway electron mitigation coil option is proposed to close possible gaps in the baseline. It is predicted that all ARC disruption loads are within a factor of 2 of the disruption loads in SPARC, a tokamak presently under construction by CFS, and therefore SPARC provides an opportunity to calibrate models, test solutions and inform the design of ARC. The goal for ARC is disruption-free operation, however, the pragmatic design target is to withstand one mitigated disruption per day, and to restart the plasma following mitigation in tens of seconds without interrupting the power output. Unmitigated disruptions must be rare, and experience with unmitigated disruption impacts in SPARC will better define what rare means. The implications of this strategy for plasma disruptivity and disruption prediction are discussed, and operating the ARC scenario on SPARC is expected to refine the ARC final design and operational plan.

Commonwealth Fusion Systems plans to build ARC as the first fusion power plant at a site in Chesterfield County, Virginia, USA by the early 2030s. We present an overview of analysis comprising the physics basis of the ARC V3A design, a high-magnetic-field tokamak with $B_0=11.4 \ \text{T}$, $I_p=12.0 \ \text{MA}$, $R_0=4.62 \, \text{m}$, $a=1.18 \, \text{m}$. ARC V3A is designed to produce $P_{fus} \approx 1.13$ GW DT fusion power and deliver $\geqslant$400 MW net electric power to the grid. This overview includes quantitative analysis of fundamental issues for design of and operational plasma scenarios for a tokamak power plant, and lays out the design targets and strategic choices for ARC, including empirical fusion performance projections, assessment of H-mode access, ion cyclotron resonance heating simulations, alpha particle physics and time-dependent full-pulse simulations. This is complemented by topical papers on fusion performance and transport, disruption physics, boundary physics and magnetohydrodynamic stability. Critically, these studies identify key model uncertainties and physics risks to be retired through SPARC operation. Due to the modular nature of ARC, early results from SPARC can be incorporated into the design of the first ARC as well as subsequent replacements of the ARC vacuum vessel.

Schizophrenia trials have been too small, short and exclusionary, leaving the most disabled patients under-represented and key outcomes neglected. Future research should match the illness burden through sustained funding, representative recruitment, multidomain assessment, and adaptive, platform and SMART designs that test treatments efficiently and produce evidence relevant to patients’ lives.

Objectives/Goals: Our goal is to improve health outcomes for sepsis survivors experiencing immune-paralysis. We propose a functional diagnostic tool to identify at-risk patients and a novel therapeutic called interleukin-7 to boost the patient’s T-cell-mediated immunity against infection. Methods/Study Population: This multi-center research study recruits healthy adult volunteers and adult septic patients in the intensive care unit to consent to giving blood draws. Blood draws containing immune cells are assessed for functionality through our diagnostic tool. Interleukin-7, a therapeutic candidate to improve immune cell activity, is assessed by flow cytometry, ELISA, and bulk RNA sequencing. Results/Anticipated Results: Using IL-7 during T-cell stimulation in the ELISpot assay increased the number of T-cells producing protective effector protein IFNgamma. Statistical analysis was performed using Brown-Forsythe ANOVA test with Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparisons test with a P-value<0.001. Flow cytometry confirms IL-7 treatment increased the frequency of T-cells to produce IFNgamma and preferentially impacts memory T-cells in sepsis patients. Bulk mRNA sequencing demonstrated increased differentially expressed mRNA transcripts FDR<.001 related to cell survival and T-cell-mediated effector molecules with IL-7-treated cells. IL-7 improved effector protein production was confirmed by a multiplex assay. Discussion/Significance of Impact: There are no diagnostic tools to identify immunocompromised patients or therapies to reverse the immune suppression. Our ELISpot diagnostic tool identifies at-risk immune-impaired patients. Furthermore, our results demonstrate interleukin-7 as a potential therapeutic to improve immune activity.

In Benedetto et al. (2025, J. Lond. Math. Soc., 112, Article no. e70257), we provided an explicit description of the arboreal Galois group of the postcritically finite polynomial $f(z) = z^2 +c$ in the special case when the critical point $0$ is periodic under the action of $f(z)$. In the current article, we complete the picture for all postcritically finite polynomials by addressing the cases when $0$ is strictly preperiodic for the polynomial $f(z)$.

The likely effects of the ongoing process of European integration on the internal workings of national political parties have hitherto attracted surprisingly little attention in comparative research. This conceptual article discusses how the increasing relevance of European‐level decision making may have changed the balance of power within national political parties. It identifies two groups of party actors who are most likely to benefit from the process of Europeanisation of national political parties. First, the ‘executive bias’ of European Union (EU) decision making is likely to work in favour of party elites in general. However, while they may gain power in intra‐party decision making, their control over the national policy agenda is likely to become increasingly eroded through a general shift of policy control to the European level. Second, EU specialists (i.e., those who specialise in EU affairs) are likely to have more access to resources and more control over policy decisions within national parties because of the growing importance of European integration. These propositions are discussed in detail and are then assessed with reference to the main findings from a major empirical study of the topic.

Rice cultivated under furrow irrigation faces weed management challenges due to the aerobic conditions that favor the emergence of terrestrial weeds such as Palmer amaranth. Fluridone was recently registered for use in rice production, offering an alternative site of action for Palmer amaranth control. Four site-years of field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 in furrow-irrigated rice to assess Palmer amaranth control and crop tolerance to fluridone applied preemergence alone or with various postemergence treatments. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. The whole-plot factor was the postemergence treatment, while the subplot factor was fluridone applied preemergence at 0, 84, 168 (1× labeled rate), and 336 g ai ha−1. Postemergence treatments included no herbicide, a single florpyrauxifen-benzyl application at 6 wk after rice emergence(WAE), and a weed-free control. The 2× rate of fluridone caused the greatest visual injury compared with the 0.5× rate across site-years at 2 and 5 WAE, ranging from 8% to 34%. The 1× and 2× rates of fluridone provided the greatest reduction in Palmer amaranth density 4 wk after treatment (WAT). However, the effect diminished or became less prominent by 8 WAT. Palmer amaranth density at rice harvest was reduced in most instances after a follow-up application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl, and seed production had diminished by ≥94% compared to its absence. Regardless of the fluoridone rate, rough rice grain yield was not affected under weed-free conditions. These findings suggest that integrating fluridone with a subsequent florpyrauxifen-benzyl application enhances Palmer amaranth management in furrow-irrigated rice compared to using fluridone alone. However, sequential applications are needed for successful Palmer amaranth control.

With the introduction of tetflupyrolimet as the first herbicide with a novel site of action in the last three decades, screening for herbicide resistance before commercialization has become integral to ensure successful applications. In the mid-southern United States, tetflupyrolimet is anticipated to be used as a preemergence (PRE) herbicide for barnyardgrass control but does exhibit postemergence (POST) herbicidal activity. In 2020, 45 Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyardgrass) accessions were collected from rice-producing areas in Arkansas and were screened in the greenhouse to tetflupyrolimet at 134 g ai ha-1 PRE and POST at the 2- to 3-leaf growth stage on a silt loam soil. A field experiment was conducted where tetflupyrolimet was applied alone at 134 g ai ha-1 or with clomazone at 336 g ai ha-1, to a susceptible barnyardgrass standard and four other accessions with confirmed resistance to florpyrauxifen-benzyl, imazethapyr, propanil, and quinclorac at the spiking, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-leaf stages. For the PRE screening, the percent visible control ranged from 88% to 99%, with some accessions differing in sensitivity to tetflupyrolimet. Percent mortality ranged from 47% to 90% at the PRE timing. Visible control and mortality ranged from 63% to 88% and 7% to 65%, respectively, from a POST application, suggesting there is differential sensitivity and that foliar applications may not be as effective as soil applications. In the field experiment, barnyardgrass accession did not influence POST biomass production and was impacted more by the growth stage at application, although the difference was frequently numerical. In general, applying tetflupyrolimet alone or with clomazone to ≥3 leaf grass compromised performance. Tetflupyrolimet will be better optimized as a soil-applied herbicide in mid-southern U.S. rice culture.

The Hector Galaxy Survey is a new optical integral field spectroscopy (IFS) survey currently using the Anglo-Australian Telescope to observe up to 15 000 galaxies at low redshift ($z \lt 0.1$). The Hector instrument employs 21 optical fibre bundles feeding into two double-beam spectrographs, AAOmega and the new Spector spectrograph, to enable wide-field multi-object IFS observations of galaxies. To efficiently process the survey data, we adopt the data reduction pipeline developed for the SAMI Galaxy Survey, with significant updates to accommodate Hector’s dual-spectrograph system. These enhancements address key differences in spectral resolution and other instrumental characteristics relative to SAMI and are specifically optimised for Hector’s unique configuration. We introduce a two-dimensional arc fitting approach that reduces the root-mean-square (RMS) velocity scatter by a factor of 1.2–3.4 compared to fitting arc lines independently for each fibre. The pipeline also incorporates detailed modelling of chromatic optical distortion in the wide-field corrector, to account for wavelength-dependent spatial shifts across the focal plane. We assess data quality through a series of validation tests, including wavelength solution accuracy (1.2–2.7 km s$^{-1}$ RMS), spectral resolution (FWHM of 1.2–1.4 Å for Spector), throughput characterisation, astrometric precision ($\lesssim$ 0.03 arcsec median offset), sky subtraction residuals (1–1.6% median continuum residual), and flux calibration stability (4% systematic offset when compared to Legacy Survey fluxes). We demonstrate that Hector delivers high-fidelity, science-ready datasets, supporting robust measurements of galaxy kinematics, stellar populations, and emission-line properties and provide examples. Additionally, we address systematic uncertainties identified during the data processing and propose future improvements to enhance the precision and reliability of upcoming data releases. This work establishes a robust data reduction framework for Hector, delivering high-quality data products that support a broad range of extragalactic studies.

The use of extended reality (XR) for education of healthcare personnel (HCP) is increasing. XR equipment is reusable and often shared between HCP in clinical areas; however, it may not include manufacturer’s instructions for use (MIFU) in healthcare settings. Considerations for the selection of equipment and development of cleaning and disinfection protocols are described.

Temporal storm surge clustering refers to a series of events affecting the same region within a short period of time, which can strongly influence coastal flooding impacts and erosion. Here, we analyze global storm surge clustering from tide gauges and a state-of-the-art global model hindcast to identify geographical hotspots of extreme storm surge clusters and assess event frequencies. We study the spatial distribution as well as the contribution of different event intensities to clustering. On average, globally, 92% of coastal locations show significant temporal clustering for 1-year return period events, and 25% for 5-year return level events, although notable spatial differences exist. Our results reveal two distinct clustering regimes: (i) short timescale clustering, where events occur in rapid succession (intra-annual), and (ii) long timescales (inter-annual), providing varying recovery times between events. We also test the validity of assuming a Poisson distribution, commonly used in storm surge frequency analyses. Our results show that >80% of the stations analyzed do not follow a Poisson distribution, at least when including events that are not the most extreme but exceeded, for example, the 1-year return level. These findings offer insights into temporal clustering dynamics of storm surges and their implications for coastal hazard assessments.