This paper explores structure formation in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence as a modulational instability (MI) of turbulent fluctuations. We focus on the early stages of structure formation and consider simple backgrounds that allow for a tractable model of the MI while retaining the full chain of modulational harmonics. This approach allows us to systematically examine the validity of popular closures such as the quasilinear approximation and other low-order truncations. We find that, although such simple closures can provide quantitatively accurate approximations of the MI growth rates in some regimes, they can fail to capture the modulational dynamics in adjacent regimes even qualitatively, falsely predicting MI when the system is actually stable. We find that this discrepancy is due to the excitation of propagating spectral waves (PSWs) which can ballistically transport energy along the modulational spectrum, unimpeded until dissipative scales, thereby breaking the feedback loops that would otherwise sustain MIs. The PSWs can be self-maintained as global modes with real frequencies and drain energy from the primary structure at a constant rate until the primary structure is depleted. To describe these waves within a reduced model, we propose an approximate spectral closure that captures them and MIs on the same footing. We also find that introducing corrections to ideal MHD, conservative or dissipative, can suppress PSWs and reinstate the accuracy of the quasilinear approximation. In this sense, ideal MHD is a ‘singular’ system that is particularly sensitive to the accuracy of the closure within mean-field models.

This paper reports an expansion of the English as a second language (L2) component of the Multilingual Eye Movement Corpus (MECO L2), an international database of eye movements during text reading. While the previous Wave 1 of the MECO project (Kuperman et al., 2023) contained English as a L2 reading data from readers with 12 different first language (L1) backgrounds, the newly collected dataset adds eye-tracking data on English text reading from 13 distinct L1 backgrounds (N = 660) as well as participants’ scores on component skills of English proficiency and information about their demographics and language background and use. The paper reports reliability estimates, descriptive statistics, and correlational analyses as means to validate the expansion dataset. Consistent with prior literature and the MECO Wave 1, trends in the MECO Wave 2 data include a weak correlation between reading comprehension and oculomotor measures of reading fluency and a greater L1-L2 contrast in reading fluency than reading comprehension. Jointly with Wave 1, the MECO project includes English reading data from more than 1,200 readers representing a diversity of native writing systems (logographic, abjad, abugida, and alphabetic) and 19 distinct L1 backgrounds. We provide multiple pointers to new venues of how L2 reading researchers can mine this rich publicly available dataset.

To optimize the antidepressant efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), it is important to examine the impact of brain state during therapeutic rTMS. Evidence suggests that brain state can modulate the brain’s response to stimulation, potentially diminishing antidepressant efficacy if left uncontrolled or enhancing it with inexpensive psychological or other non-pharmacological methods. Thus, we conducted a PRISMA-ScR-based scoping review to pool studies administering rTMS with psychological and other non-pharmacological methods. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to 10 July 2024. Inclusion criteria: neuropsychiatric patients underwent rTMS; studies assessed depressive symptom severity; non-pharmacological tasks or interventions were administered during rTMS, or did not include a wash-out period. Of 8,442 studies, 20 combined rTMS with aerobic exercise, bright light therapy, cognitive training or reactivation, psychotherapy, sleep deprivation, or a psychophysical task. Meta-analyses using random effects models were conducted based on change scores on standardized scales. The effect size was large and therapeutic for uncontrolled pretest-posttest comparisons (17 studies, Hedges’ g = −1.91, (standard error) SE = 0.45, 95% (confidence interval) CI = −2.80 to −1.03, p < 0.01); medium when studies compared active combinations with sham rTMS plus active non-pharmacological methods (8 studies, g = −0.55, SE = 0.14, 95% CI = −0.82 to −0.28, p < 0.01); and non-significant when active combinations were compared with active rTMS plus sham psychological methods (4 studies, p = 0.96). Attempts to administer rTMS with non-pharmacological methods show promise but have not yet outperformed rTMS alone.

Echinococcosis poses a significant threat to public health. The Chinese government has implemented prevention and control measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. By analyzing data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, we found that implementation of these measures has reduced the infection rate by nearly 50% between 2004 to 2022 (from 0.3975 to 0.1944 per 100,000 person-years). Nonetheless, some regions still bear a significant disease burden, and lack of detailed information limites further evaluation of the effects on both alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Our analysis supports the continuing implementation of these measures and suggests that enhanced wildlife management, case-based strategies, and surveillance systems will facilitate disease control.

The GINI project investigates the dynamics of inequality among populations over the long term by synthesising global archaeological housing data. This project brings archaeologists together from around the world to assess hypotheses concerning the causes and consequences of inequality that are of relevance to contemporary societies globally.

Large research teams and consortia present challenges for authorship. The number of disciplines involved in the research can further complicate approaches to manuscript development and leadership. The CHARM team, representing a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional genomics implementation study, participated in facilitated discussions inspired by team science methodologies. The discussions were centered on team members’ past experiences with authorship and perspectives on authorship in a large research team context. Team members identified challenges and opportunities that were used to create guidelines and administrative tools to support manuscript development. The guidelines were organized by the three values of equity, inclusion, and efficiency and included eight principles. A visual dashboard was created to allow all team members to see who was leading or involved in each paper. Additional tools to promote equity, inclusion, and efficiency included providing standardized project management for each manuscript and making “concept sheets” for each manuscript accessible to all team members. The process used in CHARM can be used by other large research teams and consortia to equitably distribute lead authorship opportunities, foster coauthor inclusion, and efficiently work with large authorship groups.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Patients suffering from respiratory failure have few options to support oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal aside from mechanical ventilation. Our objective was to test a novel extrapulmonary mechanism of gas exchange via peritoneal oxygenated perfluorocarbon (PFC) in a large animal model. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using two 50 kg swine, hypoxia was modeled with subatmospheric oxygen and hypercarbia induced with acute hypoventilation. Through a midline laparotomy, cannulas were placed into the peritoneal space to allow for PFC infusion and circulation. After abdominal closure, these cannulas were connected to a device capable of draining, oxygenating, and infusing PFC. One animal was subjected to acute hypoxia (12% FiO2) and another animal to acute hypoventilation (4 breaths per minute). Primary outcomes were times for SpO2 to reach 75 mmHg, respectively. Trials were performed without PFC and with PFC dwelling or circulating through the peritoneal space, during which abdominal and bladder pressures were monitored and maintained under 20 mmHg by regulation of the PFC volume contained in the animal. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In the animal subjected to acute hypoxia (12% FiO2), survival time improved from 5:55 to 20:00 (min:sec) after 2.5 liters of oxygenated PFC was instilled in the peritoneal space. Oxygen percent saturation of PFC before and after dwelling in the peritoneal space was measured at 100% before and 70% after dwelling in the animal during this hypoxic period corresponding with a gas transfer of 300 mL of oxygen over the 20-minute trial (i.e., 15 mL/min). Continual PFC circulation did not further extend the survival time during hypoxic conditions over PFC dwelling in the abdomen. In the animal that was acutely hypoventilated, there were no detectable differences in the rate of CO2 accumulation as measured by EtCO2 or direct blood pCO2 measurements with PFC dwelling or circulating through the peritoneal space. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Oxygenated PFC dwelling in the peritoneal space increased the duration of systemic arterial blood saturation remaining greater than 50% during normobaric hypoxic (12% FiO2) conditions but did not appreciably clear blood carbon dioxide during hypoventilation. Future experiments will focus on maximizing the rate of systemic oxygen uptake.

Though food insecurity has long been recognised to impact health, population-specific determinants of food insecurity have recently been studied systematically as an important public health concern. Indeed, while immigrant populations face particular challenges to equitable access to the food system, many of these concerns have not been systematically described. To this end, we critically review recent work that demonstrates the importance of transportation and language access as independent determinants of access to food for immigrant populations. Furthermore, we highlight proposals to mitigate barriers to access, including both academic and community-driven approaches to create overlapping institutional commitments for inclusive policymaking that meets the specific needs of diverse populations.

Dietary fibre modulates gastrointestinal (GI) health and function, providing laxation, shifting microbiota, and altering bile acid (BA) metabolism. Fruit juice production removes the polyphenol- and fibre-rich pomace fraction. The effects of orange and apple pomaces on GI outcomes were investigated in healthy, free-living adults. Healthy adults were enrolled in two double-blinded, crossover trials, being randomised by baseline bowel movement (BM) frequency. In the first trial, subjects (n 91) received orange juice (OJ, 0 g fibre/d) or OJ + orange pomace (OJ + P, 10 g fibre/d) for 4 weeks, separated by a 3-week washout. Similarly, in the second trial, subjects (n 90) received apple juice (AJ, 0 g fibre/d) or AJ + apple pomace (AJ + P, 10 g fibre/d). Bowel habit diaries, GI tolerance surveys and 3-d diet records were collected throughout. Fresh faecal samples were collected from a participant subset for microbiota and BA analyses in each study. Neither pomace interventions influenced BM frequency. At Week 4, OJ + P tended to increase (P = 0·066) GI symptom occurrence compared with OJ, while AJ + P tended (P = 0·089) to increase flatulence compared with AJ. Faecalibacterium (P = 0·038) and Negativibacillus (P = 0·043) were differentially abundant between pre- and post-interventions in the apple trial but were no longer significant after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Baseline fibre intake was independently associated with several microbial genera in both trials. Orange or apple pomace supplementation was insufficient to elicit changes in bowel habits, microbiota diversity or BA of free-living adults with healthy baseline BM. Future studies should consider baseline BM frequency and habitual fibre intake.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: For patients suffering from respiratory failure there are limited options to support gas exchange aside from mechanical ventilation. Our goal is to design, investigate, and refine a novel device for extrapulmonary gas exchange via peritoneal perfusion with perfluorocarbons (PFC) in an animal model. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Hypoxic respiratory failure will be modeled using 50 kg swine mechanically ventilated with subatmospheric (10-12%) oxygen. Through a midline laparotomy, two cannulas, one for inflow and one for outflow, will be placed into the peritoneal space. After abdominal closure, the cannulas will be connected to a device capable of draining, oxygenating, regulating temperature, filtering, and pumping perfluorodecalin at a rate of 3-4 liters per minute. During induced hypoxia, the physiologic response to PFC circulation through the peritoneal space will be monitored with invasive (e.g. arterial and venous blood gases) and non-invasive measurements (e.g. pulse oximetry). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that the initiation of oxygenated perfluorocarbons perfusion through the peritoneal space during induced hypoxia will create an increase in hemoglobin oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood. As we expect gas exchange to be occurring in the microvascular beds of the peritoneal membrane, we expect to observe an increase in the venous blood oxygen content sampled from the inferior vena cava. Using other invasive hemodynamic measures (e.g. cardiac output) and blood samples taken from multiple venous sites, a quantifiable rate of oxygen delivery will be calculable. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Peritoneal perfluorocarbon perfusion, if able to deliver significant amounts of oxygen, would provide a potentially lifesaving therapy for patients in respiratory failure who are unable to be supported with mechanical ventilation alone, and are not candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Sarcopenic obesity is regarded as a risk factor for the progression and development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Since male sex is a risk factor for NAFLD and skeletal muscle mass markedly varies between the sexes, we examined whether sex influences the association between appendicular skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio (SVR), that is, an index of skeletal muscle mass combined with abdominal obesity, and the histological severity of NAFLD. The SVR was measured by bioelectrical impedance in a cohort of 613 (M/F = 443/170) Chinese middle-aged individuals with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analyses were used to test the association between SVR and the severity of NAFLD (i.e. non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or NASH with the presence of any stage of liver fibrosis). NASH was identified by a NAFLD activity score ≥5, with a minimum score of 1 for each of its categories. The presence of fibrosis was classified as having a histological stage ≥1. The SVR was inversely associated with NASH in men (adjusted OR 0·62; 95 % CI 0·42, 0·92, P = 0·017 for NASH, adjusted OR 0·65; 95 % CI 0·43, 0·99, P = 0·043 for NASH with the presence of fibrosis), but not in women (1·47 (95 % CI 0·76, 2·83), P = 0·25 for NASH, and 1·45 (95 % CI 0·74, 2·83), P = 0·28 for NASH with the presence of fibrosis). There was a significant interaction for sex and SVR (Pinteraction = 0·017 for NASH and Pinteraction = 0·033 for NASH with the presence of fibrosis). Our findings show that lower skeletal muscle mass combined with abdominal obesity is strongly associated with the presence of NASH only in men.