A wayle whit as whalles bon,
beautiful woman / whale’s
A grein in golde that goodly shon,
rosary bead / beautifully
A tortle that min herte is on,
turtle-dove
In tounes, trewe …
in the world / alive
Why might female beauty be likened to a whale bone? This is the extraordinary image presented in the opening of this anonymous lyric poem from the fi fteenth century. It seems strange to measure human beauty by a thing no longer living, and of gigantic proportion. The image stands out oddly in a poem in which the speaker is clearly fl attering his beloved; after all, she is then compared to the perfection of a brightly inset rosary bead and to a turtle dove, a bird which symbolises love. In fact, the whale bone image was not uncommon in medieval love poetry: suggestive of rarity, whiteness and sharp clarity it could be used to mirror ideas about the ideal beauty of a woman's skin. Though we, as contemporary readers, might puzzle at its incongruity, we can still recognise its eff ectiveness as it forces two diff erent images into unlikely juxtaposition. An arresting opening image pulls us into the poem's world, making us more keenly alive to further worlds of possible meanings which even the smallest of lyric poems contains.
Poetry is in part an act of perception, and a renewal, or heightening, of our ordinary perceptual powers at that. Reading, or hearing, a poem engages our responsiveness on many diff erent levels because a poem itself is created out of diff erent aspects − structural, grammatical, rhythmic, metrical, verbal, visual − which together make a composite whole.