Since the 1950s, the United Nations (UN) has designated days (e.g., World Wetland Day), years (e.g., Year of the Gorilla) and decades (e.g., Decade on Biodiversity) with a commonly stated goal to raise awareness and funding for conservation-oriented initiatives, and these Days, Years and Decades of ‘…’ (hereafter ‘DYDOs’) continue. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives to achieve their stated objectives and to contribute to positive conservation outcomes is unclear. Here we used a binary analysis change model to evaluate the effectiveness of UN conservation-oriented DYDOs observed between 1974 and 2020. We also examined four case studies to understand the different strategies employed to meet specified conservation goals. We found that DYDOs apparently contributed to positive conservation outcomes when they were tied to social media campaigns and/or when they were strategically situated in current events or global discourse. Although the outcomes of DYDOs were varied, those with longer timescales and those that engaged local communities were more likely to be successful. We suggest that DYDO organizers should identify all possible paths of action through the lens of the change model outlined in this paper to strengthen the value and effectiveness of these initiatives in the future. Using this approach could help ensure that resources are used efficiently and effectively, and that initiatives yield positive conservation outcomes that benefit people and nature.

Interventions in environmental conservation are intended to make things better, not worse. Yet unintended and unanticipated consequences plague environmental conservation; key is how uncertainty plays out. Insights from the intellectual humility literature offer constructive strategies for coming to terms with uncertainty. Strategies such as self-distancing and self-assessment of causal complexity can be incorporated into conservation decision-making processes. Including reflection on what we know and do not know in the decision-making process potentially reduces unintended and unanticipated consequences of environmental conservation and management decisions. An important caution is not to have intellectual humility legitimate failing to act in the face of uncertainty.

Invasive species can have disastrous effects on the ecosystems they invade, requiring costly, labour-intensive mitigation. Public awareness campaigns are often used as a tool to reduce these species’ impacts. While heralded as useful and cost-effective, little evidence suggests that these campaigns contribute to meaningful biological outcomes. Furthermore, awareness campaigns are relatively understudied despite their usage as a common approach to mitigating invasive species. We conducted a literature review to assess publications that evaluated the efficacy of public awareness campaigns for managing invasive species. Out of 4382 papers initially extracted for analysis, we determined that 24 of them included studies conducted on awareness campaigns for invasive species. Four public awareness campaigns were deemed a ‘success’, and the other campaigns’ success was indeterminable due to study design. Our study revealed that inconsistencies in defined end points, unclear procedures and variability of campaigns contribute to there being insufficient evidence to determine the efficacy of public awareness campaigns. To evaluate the true efficacy of public awareness campaigns, we recommend that organizations conducting such campaigns implement rigorous and standardized assessments (e.g., Before–After Control–Impact designs or Bayesian analyses) that include measures of not just changes in the knowledge and behaviour of target audiences, but also relevant biological outcomes.

Substantial progress has been made in the standardization of nomenclature for paediatric and congenital cardiac care. In 1936, Maude Abbott published her Atlas of Congenital Cardiac Disease, which was the first formal attempt to classify congenital heart disease. The International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC) is now utilized worldwide and has most recently become the paediatric and congenital cardiac component of the Eleventh Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). The most recent publication of the IPCCC was in 2017. This manuscript provides an updated 2021 version of the IPCCC.

The International Society for Nomenclature of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease (ISNPCHD), in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), developed the paediatric and congenital cardiac nomenclature that is now within the eleventh version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). This unification of IPCCC and ICD-11 is the IPCCC ICD-11 Nomenclature and is the first time that the clinical nomenclature for paediatric and congenital cardiac care and the administrative nomenclature for paediatric and congenital cardiac care are harmonized. The resultant congenital cardiac component of ICD-11 was increased from 29 congenital cardiac codes in ICD-9 and 73 congenital cardiac codes in ICD-10 to 318 codes submitted by ISNPCHD through 2018 for incorporation into ICD-11. After these 318 terms were incorporated into ICD-11 in 2018, the WHO ICD-11 team added an additional 49 terms, some of which are acceptable legacy terms from ICD-10, while others provide greater granularity than the ISNPCHD thought was originally acceptable. Thus, the total number of paediatric and congenital cardiac terms in ICD-11 is 367. In this manuscript, we describe and review the terminology, hierarchy, and definitions of the IPCCC ICD-11 Nomenclature. This article, therefore, presents a global system of nomenclature for paediatric and congenital cardiac care that unifies clinical and administrative nomenclature.

The members of ISNPCHD realize that the nomenclature published in this manuscript will continue to evolve. The version of the IPCCC that was published in 2017 has evolved and changed, and it is now replaced by this 2021 version. In the future, ISNPCHD will again publish updated versions of IPCCC, as IPCCC continues to evolve.

Lockdowns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic temporarily restricted human activity and removed people from many places of work and recreation. The resulting ‘Anthropause’ generated much media and research interest and has become an important storyline in the public history of the pandemic. As an ecological event, the Anthropause is fleeting and unlikely to alter the long-term human impact on the planet. But the Anthropause is also a cultural symbol whose effects may be more enduring. Will the Anthropause inspire people and governments to mobilize for meaningful reform, or does it present a misleading and too-comforting portrayal of resilient nature and wildlife that could ultimately discourage action? While it is too early to gauge the impact of the Anthropause on human behaviour and politics, we use existing research on environmental symbols and metaphors to identify factors that may influence long-term behavioural and political responses to this globally significant period of time.

Perspectives from 22 countries on aspects of the legal environment for selection are presented in this article. Issues addressed include (a) whether there are racial/ethnic/religious subgroups viewed as “disadvantaged,” (b) whether research documents mean differences between groups on individual difference measures relevant to job performance, (c) whether there are laws prohibiting discrimination against specific groups, (d) the evidence required to make and refute a claim of discrimination, (e) the consequences of violation of the laws, (f) whether particular selection methods are limited or banned, (g) whether preferential treatment of members of disadvantaged groups is permitted, and (h) whether the practice of industrial and organizational psychology has been affected by the legal environment.

The Rideau Canal in Canada was constructed in the 1800s to enable strategic military andcommercial transport in eastern Ontario between Lake Ontario and the Ottawa River. Today,the Rideau Canal is managed by Parks Canada and remains an engineered ecosystem,particularly in the urban Ottawa reach (7 km long) where it is largely channelized and ispartially drained during the winter to protect canal infrastructure (i.e., locks) andprovide recreational opportunities (i.e., skating). Interestingly, the Ottawa reach of theRideau Canal supports one of the few wild urban muskellunge (Esoxmasquinongy) fisheries in North America supported by natural reproduction.However, little is known about the spatial ecology, residency patterns or survival of thisapex freshwater predator in urban environments or canal systems. Radio-telemetry was usedto study adult (N = 10; total size range of 64 to 122 cm) muskellunge inthe Ottawa reach of the Rideau Canal over a multiple year period. The seasonal movementsand home range of muskellunge were greatest during spring corresponding with the periodwhen water levels in the canal were raised and muskellunge were presumably seeking outsuitable spawning habitats following ice-off. During the summer fish ranged throughout theentire 7 km urban reach of the canal and by early fall muskellunge moved to the deeperparts of the reach and became largely restricted to an embayment known as Dow’s Lake priorto the lowering of the canal where they stayed for the entire winter. The same pattern ofseasonal movements persisted across several years. None of the tagged muskellunge werestranded from the fall canal drainage. One fish emigrated from the urban reach of thecanal during the study period, moving upstream through a lock to an exurban reach. Inaddition, a single tagged fish died from a winterkill event. Environmental influences suchas seasonality and water depth (associated with canal operations) are believed to be theprimary mechanisms contributing to habitat selection and movement patterns of muskellungein this reach of the Rideau Canal. Data on the spatial ecology of muskellunge in the urbanreaches of the Rideau Canal will inform management of this unique population of fish toensure that the historic and ecological values are balanced to preserve this iconicCanadian natural heritage site and its biota.

Layers of GaN deposited on Si substrates have been studied using Thermal Admittance Spectroscopy (TAS) and Optical Admittance Spectroscopy (OAS). Transparent front-side contacts were used to facilitate the optical measurements. Six specimens were cut from the same location in two different wafers, and three samples were randomly chosen from other growths. A shallow level at EC − 0.051 eV was found in all the specimens using TAS. In some specimens this peak was asymmetric, indicating more than one level near this energy. Deeper levels were also seen in the high-temperature portion of the spectra, but were poorly resolved in most specimens. Illuminating the specimen with UV light at 25 K resulted in the thermal position of the peak shifting to a lower temperature, and hence, the calculated energy, of the peak shifting lower. The amplitude of the peak also decreased. Transient OAS measurements revealed the interesting phenomenon of negative persistent photo conductance at room temperature in some of the specimens when the illumination photon energy was less than the bandgap. The negative response time was very short. At lower temperatures, below 100 K, the negative response diminished, but the response time was still short. At wavelengths above the bandgap energy, normal transient response was seen, with a longer time constant.

Although there are numerous published accounts of studies utilizing heart rate (fH) transmitters in fish, few of these studies provide sufficient detail to aid other researchers in deploying these devices. Here, we detail the attachment, validation, and preliminary deployment of a commercially available ultrasonic fH transmitter. We used largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, for this study because they principally modulate cardiac output using fH, making them logical candidates for this technology. Using an external harness that balanced the battery on one side of the dorsum, and the transmitter on the other, we attached the device to 13 fish. Electrodes were positioned ventral-laterally to the pericardial cavity. Doppler flow probes were used to validate that the transmitter was detecting and emitting a signal when triggered by the depolarization of the ventricle (QRS wave), as indicated by peaks in blood flow. We then deployed the fH transmitters for periods of up to 32 days, generating one of the most complete series of fH data available. We present preliminary data illustrating the information available from fH transmitters at different temporal resolutions (real time vs. hourly means), including relationship of fH to temperature, behavioral correlates of fH, and diel patterns of fH.