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23 results

Page 1 of 2

  • 2 - Literal and Literary Atmospheres

  • from Part I - Historical Shifts in Climate Consciousness
  • Edited by Adeline Johns-Putra, Kelly Sultzbach, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Companion to Literature and Climate
    Published online:
    31 March 2022
    Print publication:
    07 April 2022, pp 40-54

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews how literary and literal atmospheres have cut across each other in complex transactions of meaning and practice over the past 400 years. It traces how atmosphere was first literalised in early modern science, in a process that identified air as a new object of empirical knowledge while also awarding a new meaning of empirical objectivity to literalness. It then shows how this scientifically literal atmosphere was taken up in an expanded set of metaphoric and figurative uses from around 1800, in which such formulations as ‘political atmosphere’ and ‘poetic atmosphere’ breathed new life into traditional understandings of air that had moved fluidly between the spiritual and the empirical. The large-scale cultural re-metaphoricisation of air in this period formed the platform for the emergence of literary atmosphere as a specific practice of double troping, in which aerial figures were reflexively marked as at once figurative and literal. That marking proved integral to the emergence of both modernist poetry and the modern novel. But the discursive divisions and oppositions that underwrote it are brought under unprecedented pressure by climate change, which therefore requires new methods for the writing and reading of literary atmospheres.

  • Chapter 13 - Natural Philosophy

  • from Part II - Political, Social and Intellectual Transformations
  • Edited by Clara Tuite, University of Melbourne
  • Book:
    Byron in Context
    Published online:
    04 October 2019
    Print publication:
    05 December 2019, pp 109-116

  • Summary

    Byron’s scientific context was no longer natural philosophy, but was not yet modern science. Through the eighteenth century, “natural philosophy” – traceable back to classical philosophia naturalis – had been the primary rubric organizing the investigation of natural phenomena. It was one of a set of English terms, including “natural religion” and “natural history,” that together positioned the study of nature as continuous with Anglican orthodoxy. “Science,” meanwhile, had a much wider field of reference than it does today. It named literate knowledge generally, and was often used synonymously with “literature,” which, prior to its Romantic-period redefinition as imaginative writing, likewise referred to all forms of knowledge communicated through the medium of letters. But from the late eighteenth century, just as “literature” was taking on a newly specialized meaning, “science” too was being redefined as the collective term for an emergent series of specialized disciplinary fields of research.

Wordsworth and the Poetics of Air
  • Thomas H. Ford
  • Published online:
    27 June 2018
    Print publication:
    05 July 2018
  • Before the ideas we now define as Romanticism took hold the word 'atmosphere' meant only the physical stuff of air; afterwards, it could mean almost anything, from a historical mood or spirit to the character or style of an artwork. Thomas H. Ford traces this shift of meaning, which he sees as first occurring in the poetry of William Wordsworth. Gradually 'air' and 'atmosphere' took on the new status of metaphor as Wordsworth and other poets re-imagined poetry as a textual area of aerial communication - conveying the breath of a transitory moment to other times and places via the printed page. Reading Romantic poetry through this ecological and ecocritical lens Ford goes on to ask what the poems of the Romantic period mean for us in a new age of climate change, when the relationship between physical climates and cultural, political and literary atmospheres is once again being transformed.

  • Evaluation of Alternative Risk Specifications in Farm Programming Models

  • Stephen A. Ford, Beth Pride Ford, Thomas H. Spreen
  • Journal:
    Agricultural and Resource Economics Review / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / April 1995
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    15 September 2016, pp. 25-35

  • The use of alternative probability density functions to specify risk in farm programming models is explored and compared to a traditional specification using historical data. A method is described that compares risk efficient crop mixes using stochastic dominance techniques to examine impacts of different risk specifications on farm plans. Results indicate that a traditional method using historical farm data is as efficient for risk averse producers as two other methods of incorporating risk in farm programming models when evaluated using second degree stochastic dominance. Stochastic dominance with respect to a function further discriminates among the distributions, indicating that a density function based on the historic forecasting accuracy of the futures market results in a more risk-efficient crop mix for highly risk averse producers. Results also illustrate the need to validate alternative risk specifications perceived as improvements to traditional methods.

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