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Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is an active remote sensing method that uses repeated radar scans of the Earth's solid surface to measure relative deformation at centimeter precision over a wide swath. It has revolutionized our understanding of the earthquake cycle, volcanic eruptions, landslides, glacier flow, ice grounding lines, ground fluid injection/withdrawal, underground nuclear tests, and other applications requiring high spatial resolution measurements of ground deformation. This book examines the theory behind and the applications of InSAR for measuring surface deformation. The most recent generation of InSAR satellites have transformed the method from investigating 10's to 100's of SAR images to processing 1000's and 10,000's of images using a wide range of computer facilities. This book is intended for students and researchers in the physical sciences, particularly for those working in geophysics, natural hazards, space geodesy, and remote sensing. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Internet addiction (IA) refers to excessive internet use that causes cognitive impairment or distress. Understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning IA is crucial for enabling an accurate diagnosis and informing treatment and prevention strategies. Despite the recent increase in studies examining the neurophysiological traits of IA, their findings often vary. To enhance the accuracy of identifying key neurophysiological characteristics of IA, this study used the phase lag index (PLI) and weighted PLI (WPLI) methods, which minimize volume conduction effects, to analyze the resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) functional connectivity. We further evaluated the reliability of the identified features for IA classification using various machine learning methods.
Methods
Ninety-two participants (42 with IA and 50 healthy controls (HCs)) were included. PLI and WPLI values for each participant were computed, and values exhibiting significant differences between the two groups were selected as features for the subsequent classification task.
Results
Support vector machine (SVM) achieved an 83% accuracy rate using PLI features and an improved 86% accuracy rate using WPLI features. t-test results showed analogous topographical patterns for both the WPLI and PLI. Numerous connections were identified within the delta and gamma frequency bands that exhibited significant differences between the two groups, with the IA group manifesting an elevated level of phase synchronization.
Conclusions
Functional connectivity analysis and machine learning algorithms can jointly distinguish participants with IA from HCs based on EEG data. PLI and WPLI have substantial potential as biomarkers for identifying the neurophysiological traits of IA.
We present a high-power mid-infrared single-frequency pulsed fiber laser (SFPFL) with a tunable wavelength range from 2712.3 to 2793.2 nm. The single-frequency operation is achieved through a compound cavity design that incorporates a germanium etalon and a diffraction grating, resulting in an exceptionally narrow seed linewidth of approximately 780 kHz. Employing a master oscillator power amplifier configuration, we attain a maximum average output power of 2.6 W at 2789.4 nm, with a pulse repetition rate of 173 kHz, a pulse energy of 15 μJ and a narrow linewidth of approximately 850 kHz. This achievement underscores the potential of the mid-infrared SFPFL system for applications requiring high coherence and high power, such as high-resolution molecular spectroscopy, precision chemical identification and nonlinear frequency conversion.
Determining an individual’s strategic reasoning capability based solely on choice data is a complex task. This complexity arises because sophisticated players might have non-equilibrium beliefs about others, leading to non-equilibrium actions. In our study, we pair human participants with computer players known to be fully rational. This use of robot players allows us to disentangle limited reasoning capacity from belief formation and social biases. Our results show that, when paired with robots, subjects consistently demonstrate higher levels of rationality, compared to when paired with human players. Furthermore, players’ rationality levels are relatively stable across games when paired with robot players, even though those with intermediate rationality levels exhibit inconsistency across games. Leveraging our experimental design, we identify and document potential causes of this inconsistency.
Nutraceuticals have been taken as an alternative and add-on treatment for depressive disorders. Direct comparisons between different nutraceuticals and between nutraceuticals and placebo or antidepressants are limited. Thus, it is unclear which nutraceuticals are the most efficacious.
Methods
We conducted a network meta-analysis to estimate the comparative efficacy and tolerability of nutraceuticals for the treatment of depressive disorder in adults. The primary outcome was the change in depressive symptoms, as measured by the standard mean difference (SMD). Secondary outcomes included response rate, remission rate, and anxiety. Tolerability was defined as all-cause discontinuation and adverse events. Frequentist random-effect NMA was conducted.
Results
Hundred and ninety-two trials involving 17,437 patients and 44 nutraceuticals were eligible for inclusion. Adjunctive nutraceuticals consistently showed better efficacy than antidepressants (ADT) alone in outcomes including SMD, remission, and response. Notable combinations were Eicosapentaenoic acid + Docosahexaenoic Acid plus ADT (EPA + DHA + ADT) (SMD 1.04, 95% confidence interval 0.64–1.44), S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe) + ADT (0.99, 0.31–1.68), curcumin + ADT (1.03, 0.55–1.51), Zinc + ADT (1.59, 0.63–2.55), tryptophan + ADT (1.24, 0.32–2.16), and folate + ADT (0.64, 0.17–1.10). Additionally, four nutraceutical monotherapies demonstrated superior efficacy compared to ADT: EPA + DHA (0.6, 0.32–0.88), SAMe (0.52, 0.18–0.87), curcumin (0.62, −0.17 to 1.40) and saffron (0.69, 0.34–1.04). It is noted that EPA + DHA, SAMe, and curcumin showed strong performance as either monotherapies or adjuncts to ADT. Most nutraceuticals showed comparable tolerability to placebo.
Conclusions
This extensive systematic review and NMA of nutraceuticals for treating depressive disorders indicated a number of nutraceuticals that could offer benefits, either as adjuncts or monotherapies.
In 2023 the Supreme Court of Mauritius cited human rights and public health arguments to strike down a colonial-era law criminalizing consensual same-sex sex. The parliament of Singapore recently did the same through legislative means. Are these aberrations or a shifting global consensus? This article documents a remarkable shift international legal shift regarding LGBTQ+ sexuality. Analysis of laws from 194 countries across multiple years demonstrates a clear, ongoing trend toward decriminalization globally. Where most countries criminalized same-sex sexuality in the 1980s, now two-thirds of countries do not criminalize under law. Additionally, 28 criminalizing countries in 2024 demonstrate a de facto policy of non-enforcement, a milestone towards legal change that all of the countries that have fully decriminalized since 2017 have taken. This has important public health effects, with health law lessons for an era of multiple pandemics. But amidst this trend, the reverse is occurring in some countries, with a counter-trend toward deeper, harsher criminalization of LGBTQ+ sexuality. Case studies of Angola, Singapore, India, Botswana, Mauritius, Cook Islands, Gabon, and Antigua and Barbuda show many politically- and legally-viable pathways to decriminalization and highlight actors in the executive, legislative, and judicial arenas of government and civil society engaged in legal change.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) shows spatiotemporal heterogeneity in China. A spatiotemporal filtering model was constructed and applied to HFMD data to explore the underlying spatiotemporal structure of the disease and determine the impact of different spatiotemporal weight matrices on the results. HFMD cases and covariate data in East China were collected between 2009 and 2015. The different spatiotemporal weight matrices formed by Rook, K-nearest neighbour (KNN; K = 1), distance, and second-order spatial weight matrices (SO-SWM) with first-order temporal weight matrices in contemporaneous and lagged forms were decomposed, and spatiotemporal filtering model was constructed by selecting eigenvectors according to MC and the AIC. We used MI, standard deviation of the regression coefficients, and five indices (AIC, BIC, DIC, R2, and MSE) to compare the spatiotemporal filtering model with a Bayesian spatiotemporal model. The eigenvectors effectively removed spatial correlation in the model residuals (Moran’s I < 0.2, p > 0.05). The Bayesian spatiotemporal model’s Rook weight matrix outperformed others. The spatiotemporal filtering model with SO-SWM was superior, as shown by lower AIC (92,029.60), BIC (92,681.20), and MSE (418,022.7) values, and higher R2 (0.56) value. All spatiotemporal contemporaneous structures outperformed the lagged structures. Additionally, eigenvector maps from the Rook and SO-SWM closely resembled incidence patterns of HFMD.
The impact of long-term nocturnal warming on soil aggregate stability and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration was examined in agricultural fields. Employing a passive warming system, the nighttime warming experiment involved two treatments: a control check (CK) and a nighttime warming treatment (WT), spanning the entire growth seasons of wheat from 2013 to 2021. The annual average temperature increase ranged from 0.3 to 1.3°C, with an average increment of 0.71°C over the eight years. Both dry and wet sieving methods showed that nighttime warming reduced the proportion of macroaggregates and increased microaggregates compared to CK, thereby diminishing soil aggregate (SA) stability. While nighttime warming had the potential to elevate the concentrations and contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), significant effects were only observed in the concentrations and contribution rates of SOC and TN. The C/N ratios across different particle sizes within SA were not significantly affected by nighttime warming. Additionally, no significant correlation was found between the SOC/TN contents and contribution rates and the stability of SA. These results suggest that eight years of nighttime warming could undermine the stability of SA, yet it did not impact the pools of N and C in the agricultural lands of central China.
The outbreak of major epidemics, such as COVID-19, has had a significant impact on supply chains. This study aimed to explore knowledge innovation in the field of emergency supply chain during pandemics with a systematic quantitative analysis.
Methods
Based on the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection, proposing a 3-stage systematic analysis framework, and utilizing bibliometrics, Dynamic Topic Models (DTM), and regression analysis to comprehensively examine supply chain innovations triggered by pandemics.
Results
A total of 888 literature were obtained from the WOS database. There was a surge in the number of publications in recent years, indicating a new field of research on Pandemic Triggered Emergency Supply Chain (PTESC) is gradually forming. Through a 3-stage analysis, this study identifies the literature knowledge base and distribution of research hotspots in this field and predicts future research hotspots and trends mainly boil down to 3 aspects: pandemic-triggered emergency supply chain innovations in key industries, management, and technologies.
Conclusions
COVID-19 strengthened academic exchange and cooperation and promoted knowledge output in this field. This study provides an in-depth perspective on emergency supply chain research and helps researchers understand the overall landscape of the field, identifying future research directions.
Objectives/Goals: Objective: To examine whether familial longevity modifies the relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older adults. Goals include assessing the impact of familial longevity on 1) CVD prevalence, 2) CVD incidence, and 3) mortality among individuals with CKD. Methods/Study Population: An observational, longitudinal study. We examined 1,236 Ashkenazi Jewish adults (ages 65–94) from the LonGenity cohort. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was the independent variable, calculated using the CKD-EPI equation 2021. CVD prevalence, incidence, and mortality were our outcomes. CVD was defined as a composite of MI, PCI, CABG, or stroke. Exceptional longevity was defined as living past 95 years, grouping participants into OPEL (offspring of parents with exceptional longevity, n = 576) and OPUS (offspring of parents with usual survival, n = 604). Stratified logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models assessed eGFR’s association with CVD, testing effect modification through eGFR × OPEL interaction terms. Median follow-up was 5.5 years. Results/Anticipated Results: A significant association was observed between eGFR and CVD prevalence in OPUS, but not in OPEL. No significant link was found between eGFR and CVD incidence or mortality in either group. Familial longevity did not modify the association between eGFR and CVD prevalence, nor the composite of CVD incidence and mortality, as the interaction term was nonsignificant. The LonGenity cohort’s health status may have influenced these results due to selection and survivor biases, limiting generalizability. Further research is needed to clarify familial longevity’s role in kidney function and cardiovascular outcomes. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Our findings suggest that kidney function, as measured by eGFR, may be associated differently with cardiovascular risk in those with and without familial longevity. The study highlights potential limits of familial longevity in modifying CVD risk associated with CKD, underscoring the need for tailored CVD prevention strategies.
Little is known about the association between iodine nutrition status and bone health. The present study aimed to explore the connection between iodine nutrition status, bone metabolism parameters, and bone disease (osteopenia and osteoporosis). A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 391, 395, and 421 adults from iodine fortification areas (IFA), iodine adequate areas (IAA), and iodine excess areas (IEA) of China. Iodine nutrition status, bone metabolism parameters and BMD were measured. Our results showed that, in IEA, the urine iodine concentrations (UIC) and serum iodine concentrations (SIC) were significantly higher than in IAA. BMD and Ca2+ levels were significantly different under different iodine nutrition levels and the BMD were negatively correlated with UIC and SIC. Univariate linear regression showed that gender, age, BMI, menopausal status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, UIC, SIC, free thyroxine, TSH, and alkaline phosphatase were associated with BMD. The prevalence of osteopenia was significantly increased in IEA, UIC ≥ 300 µg/l and SIC > 90 µg/l groups. UIC ≥ 300 µg/l and SIC > 90 µg/l were risk factors for BMD T value < –1·0 sd. In conclusion, excess iodine can not only lead to changes in bone metabolism parameters and BMD, but is also a risk factor for osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Brown dwarfs are failed stars with very low mass (13–75 Jupiter mass) and an effective temperature lower than 2 500 K. Their mass range is between Jupiter and red dwarfs. Thus, they play a key role in understanding the gap in the mass function between stars and planets. However, due to their faint nature, previous searches are inevitably limited to the solar neighbourhood (20 pc). To improve our knowledge of the low mass part of the initial stellar mass function and the star formation history of the Milky Way, it is crucial to find more distant brown dwarfs. Using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) COSMOS-Web data, this study seeks to enhance our comprehension of the physical characteristics of brown dwarfs situated at a distance of kpc scale. The exceptional sensitivity of the JWST enables the detection of brown dwarfs that are up to 100 times more distant than those discovered in the earlier all-sky infrared surveys. The large area coverage of the JWST COSMOS-Web survey allows us to find more distant brown dwarfs than earlier JWST studies with smaller area coverages. To capture prominent water absorption features around 2.7 ${\unicode{x03BC}}$m, we apply two colour criteria, $\text{F115W}-\text{F277W}+1\lt\text{F277W}-\text{F444W}$ and $\text{F277W}-\text{F444W}\gt\,0.9$. We then select point sources by CLASS_STAR, FLUX_RADIUS, and SPREAD_MODEL criteria. Faint sources are visually checked to exclude possibly extended sources. We conduct SED fitting and MCMC simulations to determine their physical properties and associated uncertainties. Our search reveals 25 T-dwarf candidates and 2 Y-dwarf candidates, more than any previous JWST brown dwarf searches. They are located from 0.3 to 4 kpc away from the Earth. The spatial number density of 900–1 050 K dwarf is $(2.0\pm0.9) \times10^{-6}\text{ pc}^{-3}$, 1 050–1 200 K dwarf is $(1.2\pm0.7) \times10^{-6}\text{ pc}^{-3}$, and 1 200–1 350 K dwarf is $(4.4\pm1.3) \times10^{-6}\text{ pc}^{-3}$. The cumulative number count of our brown dwarf candidates is consistent with the prediction from a standard double exponential model. Three of our brown dwarf candidates were detected by HST, with transverse velocities $12\pm5$, $12\pm4$, and $17\pm6$ km s$^{-1}$. Along with earlier studies, the JWST has opened a new window of brown dwarf research in the Milky Way thick disk and halo.
Evidence suggests the crucial role of dysfunctional default mode (DMN), salience and frontoparietal (FPN) networks, collectively termed the triple network model, in the pathophysiology of treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
Aims
Using the graph theory- and seed-based functional connectivity analyses, we attempted to elucidate the role of low-dose ketamine in the triple networks, namely the DMN, salience and FPN.
Method
Resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs–fcMRI) data derived from two previous clinical trials of a single, low-dose ketamine infusion were analysed. In clinical trial 1 (Trial 1), patients with TRD were randomised to either a ketamine or normal saline group, while in clinical trial 2 (Trial 2) those patients with TRD and pronounced suicidal symptoms received a single infusion of either 0.05 mg/kg ketamine or 0.045 mg/kg midazolam. All participants underwent rs–fcMRI pre and post infusion at Day 3. Both graph theory- and seed-based functional connectivity analyses were performed independently.
Results
Trial 1 demonstrated significant group-by-time effects on the degree centrality and cluster coefficient in the right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) cortex ventral 23a and b (DMN) and the cluster coefficient in the right supramarginal gyrus perisylvian language (salience). Trial 2 found a significant group-by-time effect on the characteristic path length in the left PCC 7Am (DMN). In addition, both ketamine and normal saline infusions exerted a time effect on the cluster coefficient in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex a9-46v (FPN) in Trial 1.
Conclusions
These findings may support the utility of the triple-network model in elucidating ketamine’s antidepressant effect. Alterations in DMN, salience and FPN function may underlie this effect.
Patients with chronic insomnia are characterized by alterations in default mode network and alpha oscillations, for which the medial parietal cortex (MPC) is a key node and thus a potential target for interventions.
Methods
Fifty-six adults with chronic insomnia were randomly assigned to 2 mA, alpha-frequency (10 Hz), 30 min active or sham transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) applied over the MPC for 10 sessions completed within two weeks, followed by 4- and 6-week visits. The connectivity of the dorsal and ventral posterior cingulate cortex (vPCC) was calculated based on resting functional MRI.
Results
For the primary outcome, the active group showed a higher response rate (≥ 50% reduction in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)) at week 6 than that of the sham group (71.4% versus 3.6%) (risk ratio 20.0, 95% confidence interval 2.9 to 139.0, p = 0.0025). For the secondary outcomes, the active therapy induced greater and sustained improvements (versus sham) in the PSQI, depression (17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale), anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale), and cognitive deficits (Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression) scores. The response rates in the active group decreased at weeks 8–14 (42.9%–57.1%). Improvement in sleep was associated with connectivity between the vPCC and the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior parietal lobe, whereas vPCC-to-middle frontal gyrus connectivity was associated with cognitive benefits and vPCC-to-ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity was associated with alleviation in rumination.
Conclusions
Targeting the MPC with alpha-tACS appears to be an effective treatment for chronic insomnia, and vPCC connectivity represents a prognostic marker of treatment outcome.
This paper provides an overview of the current status of ultrafast and ultra-intense lasers with peak powers exceeding 100 TW and examines the research activities in high-energy-density physics within China. Currently, 10 high-intensity lasers with powers over 100 TW are operational, and about 10 additional lasers are being constructed at various institutes and universities. These facilities operate either independently or are combined with one another, thereby offering substantial support for both Chinese and international research and development efforts in high-energy-density physics.
My daughter was born in March during COVID-19. Because of the pandemic, my baby cannot meet her grandparents who live overseas, as Japan has implemented an entry ban for most foreign nationals. It should have been a special time for my family, but now there is no way of knowing when we will be able to see each other again. As a foreigner in Japan and a new mom, it is a very challenging time. All I can do is wait for the Japanese government to lift the travel bans and hope that the COVID crisis will end soon so that I can be with my family again and introduce my daughter to them.
Knowledge of the critical periods of crop–weed competition is crucial for designing weed management strategies in cropping systems. In the Lower Yangtze Valley, China, field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to study the effect of interference from mixed natural weed populations on cotton growth and yield and to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in direct-seeded cotton. Two treatments were applied: allowing weeds to infest the crop or keeping plots weed-free for increasing periods (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 20 wk) after crop emergence. The results show that mixed natural weed infestations led to 35- to 55-cm shorter cotton plants with stem diameters 10 to 13 mm smaller throughout the season, fitting well with modified Gompertz and logistic models, respectively. Season-long competition with weeds reduced the number of fruit branches per plant by 65% to 82%, decreasing boll number per plant by 86% to 96% and single boll weight by approximately 24%. Weed-free seed cotton yields ranged from 2,900 to 3,130 kg ha−1, while yield loss increased with the duration of weed infestation, reaching up to 83% to 96% compared with permanent weed-free plots. Modified Gompertz and logistic models were used to analyze the impact of increasing weed control duration and weed interference on relative seed cotton yield (percentage of season-long weed-free cotton), respectively. Based on a 5% yield loss threshold, the CPWC was found to be from 145 to 994 growing degree days (GDD), corresponding to 14 to 85 d after emergence (DAE). These findings emphasize the importance of implementing effective weed control measures from 14 to 85 DAE in the Lower Yangtze Valley to prevent crop losses exceeding a 5% yield loss threshold.
Systematically monitoring the baseline sensitivity of troublesome weeds to herbicides is a crucial step in the early detection of their market lifespan. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is one of the most important herbicides used in rice production throughout the world, and has been used for 5 yr in China. Barnyardgrass is one of the main targeted weed species of florpyrauxifen-benzyl. In total, 114 barnyardgrass populations were collected from rice fields in Jiangsu Province, China, and using whole-plant bioassays they were screened for susceptibility to florpyrauxifen-benzyl. The GR50 values (representing the dose that causes a 50% reduction in fresh weight of aboveground parts) of florpyrauxifen-benzyl for all populations ranged from 1.0 to 34.5 g ai ha−1, with an average of 6.8 g ai ha−1, a baseline sensitivity dose of 3.3 g ai ha−1, and a baseline sensitivity index of 34.5. Twenty-one days after treatment with florpyrauxifen-benzyl at the labeled dose (36 g ai ha−1), 90% of the barnyardgrass populations exhibited >95% reductions in fresh weight of aboveground parts. Compared with the baseline sensitivity dose, 63, 44, and 7 populations had, respectively, no resistance (55%), low resistance (39%), and moderate resistance (6%) to florpyrauxifen-benzyl. Furthermore, the GR50 distribution of barnyardgrass populations did not show a significant correlation with collection location, planting method (direct-seeding or transplanting), or rice species (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica or ssp. japonica) at any of rice fields where seeds had been collected (P > 0.05). In conclusion, florpyrauxifen-benzyl remains effective for barnyardgrass control in rice fields despite serious resistance challenges.
Increasing evidence has established a strong association between social anxiety disorder and suicidal behaviours, including suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. However, the association between social anxiety disorder and suicide mortality remains unclear.
Methods
This study analysed data from 15,776 patients with social anxiety disorder, extracted from a nationwide Taiwanese cohort between 2003 and 2017. Two unexposed groups without social anxiety disorder, matched by birth year and sex in 1:4 and 1:10 ratios, respectively, were used for comparison. Suicide deaths during the same period were examined. Psychiatric comorbidities commonly associated with social anxiety disorder, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, alcohol use disorder (AUD), substance use disorder (SUD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, were identified.
Results
Time-dependent Cox regression models, adjusted for demographic factors and psychiatric comorbidities, revealed that individuals with social anxiety disorder had an increased risk of suicide (hazard ratio: 3.49 in the 1:4 matched analysis and 2.84 in the 1:10 matched analysis) compared with those without the disorder. Comorbidities such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, AUD, and SUD further increased the risk of suicide in patients with social anxiety disorder.
Conclusion
Social anxiety disorder is an independent risk factor for suicide death. Additional psychiatric comorbidities, including schizophrenia, major affective disorders, and AUD, further increased social anxiety disorder-related suicide risk. Therefore, mental health officers and clinicians should develop targeted suicide prevention strategies for individuals with social anxiety disorder.