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9 results

  • Chapter 65 - Meningioma

  • from Section 3 - Symptomatic epilepsy
  • Edited by Simon D. Shorvon, Frederick Andermann, Renzo Guerrini
  • Book:
    The Causes of Epilepsy
    Published online:
    05 March 2012
    Print publication:
    14 April 2011, pp 454-458

  • Summary

    Disrupted formation of the corpus callosum is the second most common central nervous system birth defect, occurring in approximately 1 in 3000 live births. The incidence of epilepsy in patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) and its related syndromes ranges from 25% to 62%. Aicardi syndrome is a presumed X-linked syndrome, as it is seen only in females and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) males. The ARX gene is a homeobox gene that has been shown to be crucial in forebrain, pancreatic, and testicular development. Andermann syndrome, also known as peripheral neuropathy associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACCPN). An autosomal dominant disorder, Mowat-Wilson, is caused by de novo mutations or deletions within the ZFHX1B (ZEB2) gene. Recent work in studying large cohorts of ACC individuals is providing insight into the diversity of causes which lead to ACC, which will provide important insight into mechanisms and outcomes.

  • Case 58 - Craniotomy

  • from Section I - Neuroanesthesia
  • Edited by George A. Mashour, Ehab Farag
  • Book:
    Case Studies in Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care
    Published online:
    03 May 2011
    Print publication:
    03 February 2011, pp 187-190

  • Summary

    Postoperative visual loss (POVL) is a rare but catastrophic complication of spine surgery. The extremely low incidence has made its study and prevention a challenge for neuroanesthesiologists. This chapter presents a case study of a 62-year-old female who presented for a revision L4-5 foraminotomy and L4-S1 transverse lumbar interbody fusion. There are multiple causes of POVL, including cortical infarction, direct injuries to the eye and ischemic injuries to the retina and optic nerve. The most common permanent injuries are ischemic in nature including central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and ischemic optic neuropathy (ION). Many risk factors have been proposed yet understanding of the etiology of ION remains inadequate. Until we have a better understanding of these risk factors, careful attention to the eyes, staged procedures, vigilance with regard to intraocular pressure and the optimization of oxygen-carrying capacity are the best preventative measures available.

  • Case 37 - Epilepsysurgery and awake craniotomy

  • from Section I - Neuroanesthesia
  • Edited by George A. Mashour, Ehab Farag
  • Book:
    Case Studies in Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care
    Published online:
    03 May 2011
    Print publication:
    03 February 2011, pp 117-120

  • Summary

    The perioperative management of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA), along with attempts to prevent its associated neurologic decline, continues to be a challenge to clinicians. Due to the marked changes in cerebral perfusion, there is a spectrum of neurologic sequelae directly attributable to this procedure, ranging from intraoperative stroke and death to more subtle perioperative neurocognitive deterioration. This chapter presents a case study of a 68-year-old male with demonstrated occlusive cerebrovascular disease with a history of a right- internal carotid artery (ICA) territory transient ischemic attack (TIA) 3 months previously. Blood pressure control has long been recognized as crucial during and after CEA to prevent critical hypo- or hyperperfusion states. The performance of CEA under local anesthesia has the potential to demonstrate immediate neurologic decline. Further investigation is warranted to ensure the best neurologic outcomes in patients undergoing this common procedure.