Carbonatite is one of the major archives of rare earth elements (REEs), and in some cases, its formation is linked to the deep subduction of carbonated ocean crust and REE-rich sediments. The formation conditions of hydroxyl REE carbonate, [Sm(CO3)OH] or ‘hydroxylbastnäsite-(Sm)’ (it is not presently an IMA-approved mineral), in a subduction zone were simulated at 3 GPa and 1073 K. The crystal structure of Sm(CO3)OH was determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), which shows the crystal to be hexagonal with cell parameters a = b = 12.2143 (7) Å, c = 9.8393 (6) Å, V = 1271.26 (17) Å3, and space group $P\bar 6$. The high-pressure properties of synthesized Sm(CO3)OH were investigated using in-situ synchrotron powder XRD and Raman spectroscopy at pressures up to 20.9 and 20.6 GPa at ambient temperature, respectively. Additionally, the structural stability of Sm(CO3)OH under pressure and temperature conditions up to 5.9 GPa and 473 K was also investigated using Raman spectroscopy. A third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state fitted to the ambient temperature and high-pressure data points yielded K0 = 76 (11) GPa with K0ʹ = 13 (2), and K0 = 127 (2) GPa if K0ʹ is constrained to a value of 4. Analysis of axial compressible moduli shows an apparent compression anisotropy of Sm(CO3)OH: Ka = 215 (5) GPa and Kc = 265 (5) GPa. Raman spectra of the synthesized quenchable crystal of Sm(CO3)OH displayed no detectable phase transition at the pressure range from ambient to 20.6 GPa, and no noticeable phase transition when the temperature and pressure were increased from ambient conditions to 473 K and 5.9 GPa, respectively. These results suggest that the [Sm(CO3)OH] phase may play a potential role as a conveyor for the migration of rare earth elements (REE), carbon (C) and water (-OH) to the deep Earth during plate subduction.

The classification of the species in the genus Actias Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is challenging because many species have a highly similar morphology, while differences in database classification standards also provoke identification problems. To help resolve these issues, we conducted an integrative analysis of 741 cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode sequences available by combining phylogenetic reconstruction, population genetic (Fst) metrics, and biogeographic data. This approach delineated 44 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and established a genus-specific, empirical genetic distance threshold of 2.05% from a baseline of 29 morphologically validated MOTUs. These 29 MOTUs/morphospecies were then utilized to assess the interspecific genetic distance gap of this genus and further used as the species-level genetic distance to delimit the remaining morphospecies. Applying this multi-evidence framework allowed us to propose a significant re-evaluation of species boundaries, including several taxonomic reclassifications, and to generate the molecular inventory for Actias. Our study illustrates the power of an integrated molecular approach to resolve complex taxonomic issues and provides a robust, data-driven foundation for future research on Actias.

Deep learning (DL) has been applied to phase control in coherent beam combining (CBC) recently. However, existing DL-based approaches for filled-aperture CBC essentially convert the phase-locking path into tiled-aperture schemes. Consequently, common-path phase locking in DL-based filled-aperture CBC remains unrealized. Common-path refers to a phase-locking scheme in which the phase information is extracted from the combined beam after the same combining system. In this paper, a common-path phase-locking method is proposed. By exploiting the intrinsic nonuniformity, each laser source is effectively labeled, enabling a mapping between the combined speckle and the multi-source phase. A neural network is employed to reconstruct the phase. Simulations with 25-channel CBC demonstrate a phase-locking accuracy of up to λ/39. Notably, it remains effective under dynamic phase disturbances. Our work presents a common-path phase-locking approach based on a neural network for filled-aperture CBC, which can offer a new solution for the field.

Orthopaedic inpatients have distinct clinical traits. This study aimed to quantify the burden of nosocomial infections (NIs) on orthopaedic patients. A nested case–control study (2022–2024) at the China National Orthopaedic Medical Center compared orthopaedic inpatients with and without NIs and matched cases and controls 1:3 to evaluate the burden of NIs. A national economic burden analysis was subsequently conducted under various scenarios. Among 120,764 eligible patients, 338 (0.28%) developed NIs. A total of 321 cases were matched with 916 controls. The economic and temporal burdens of NIs are US$2,100 and 5 days per case respectively. Haematologic NIs had the highest additional cost (US$4,295) and the second longest extended stay (9 days). In terms of initial hospitalisations and readmissions, surgical site infections extended hospital stays by 20 days and increased costs by US$4,881. The top three diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) with high burdens are ZC11, ZJ15, and IE21 for costs and ZJ15, IE21, and IB19 for duration. In the mixed-region scenario, orthopaedic specialty hospitals nationwide incur US$5.23 million in direct medical costs annually because of NIs. These findings indicate that NIs significantly affect orthopaedic patients both individually and nationally, necessitating focused prevention and control for high-burden DRGs and specific infections.

Dietary intervention represents a promising strategy for managing post-surgical patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). This study aims to evaluate the effects of a modified Mediterranean diet (MMD) supplemented with partial enteral nutrition (PEN) for 4–5 weeks on quality of life in post-surgical CD patients, compared with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN). The study was conducted at The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The primary outcome was quality of life, measured using the 22-item inflammatory bowel disease quality-of-life questionnaire (IBDQOL-22) at the end of the intervention. Secondary outcomes included nutritional status and disease-related characteristics. Among 115 screened patients, forty-six were randomised to either the EEN group (n 24) or the MMD supplemented with PEN group (n 22). Twenty-three patients in the EEN group and twenty-two in the MMD supplemented with PEN group completed the study and were included for analysis. At the end of the intervention, both groups achieved similar 22-item inflammatory bowel disease quality-of-life questionnaire (IBDQOL-22) scores (EEN v. MMD supplemented with PEN: 88·43 (sd 9·17) v. 87·57 (sd 7·38), P = 0·734). In addition, both groups exhibited comparable nutritional status and disease-related characteristics (all P > 0·05). These results suggest that MMD supplemented with PEN provides comparable clinical benefits to EEN in post-surgical CD patients and may serve as an alternative nutritional strategy.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) tracking one moving target in an oilfield environment with dynamic obstacles has been studied. Firstly, the UAV tracking one target is modeled mathematically, including the oilfield environment, the UAV kinematic model, the moving target model and so on. Considering the oilfield environment with dynamic obstacles, the chance-constraint method is incorporated into the distributed model predictive control (DMPC) to realise the target tracking and avoid the obstacles in the environment. Secondly, to obtain high-quality control-input sequences, the improved salp swarm algorithm (ISSA) is designed as the solver for the chance-constraint DMPC, integrating the sine-tent-cosine chaotic mapping in the initialisation, the differential mutation operation in the leader-position updating and the nonlinear adaptive inertia weights in the follower-position updating. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed method has great performance in tracking the moving target in an oilfield environment with dynamic obstacles.

The current study was designed to examine the association between a composite healthy lifestyle score (HLS) and thyroid function biomarkers among American adults. This cross-sectional study utilised data from 5693 adults aged ≥ 18 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2012 cycles. A HLS (range 0–6) was constructed based on six modifiable factors: non-smoking, no heavy alcohol intake, normal BMI (18·5–24·9 kg/m2), high physical activity (upper tertile of metabolic equivalent-min/week), adequate sleep (7–9 h/night) and appropriate energy intake. Serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free and total thyroxine (FT4, TT4), free and total triiodothyronine (FT3, TT3), thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid antibodies (TPOAb, TgAb) were measured. Multivariable linear regression adjusted for sociodemographic factors was used to assess associations. In fully adjusted models, each one-point increase in HLS was associated with lower serum FT4 (β = –0·07 ng/dl; 95 % CI: –0·10, –0·03; P < 0·001) and TT4 (β = –0·11 µg/dl; 95 % CI: –0·15, –0·06; P < 0·001). Compared with participants with an HLS of 0–1, those with HLS 4–6 had lower FT4 (β = –0·20; 95 % CI: –0·30, –0·09; P < 0·001) and TT4 (β = –0·36; 95 % CI: –0·49, –0·22; P < 0·001). Associations for other thyroid markers were not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons (P > 0·05). A healthier lifestyle is inversely associated with serum FT4 and TT4 levels, highlighting potential links between modifiable behaviours and thyroid physiology.

Shipwrecks provide invaluable insights into human society and trade. Their unique preservation conditions also mean that they can serve as exceptional biobanks, recording traces of organisms carried aboard or arriving post wreck. Yet only limited research has explored the genetic potential of onboard sediments. Here, the authors present environmental and metagenomic analyses of sediments contained in a large amphora from the 150-year-old Yangzi Estuary II shipwreck. Weaving the results with historic texts, they reconstruct part of the history of the wrecked vessel, elucidating cargo-packing techniques, its likely season and port of sailing, and its ultimate submersion within the estuarine environment.

This study systematically evaluates the effects of probiotic interventions on gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in diabetic patients to determine the optimal target population and conditions for effective use, with an emphasis on precision treatment. A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), and Wanfang databases until April 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing probiotics as adjunctive therapy for diabetes were included. The control group received standard care, and the intervention group received probiotics alongside standard care. Data were managed with Endnote and Excel, and analyses were conducted using Revman 5.3 and Stata 16. Twelve RCTs involving 1113 participants were included. Probiotics significantly increased fecal Lactobacillus (standardized mean difference (SMD) 1.42, P < 0.0001, I2 = 95 %) and Bifidobacterium levels (SMD 1.27, P < 0.0001, I2; = 90 %) and reduced fasting plasma glucose (SMD −0.35, P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis showed that shorter intervention durations (≤ 3 months) improved FPG, HbA1c, and Bifidobacterium levels, while younger patients (≤ 60 years) experienced the most significant improvements in Bifidobacterium levels. In conclusion, probiotics improve gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in diabetic patients, with intervention duration and patient age as key factors influencing treatment effectiveness.

Design Science is the discipline that studies the creation of artifacts – products, services, and systems and their embedding in our physical, virtual, psychological, economic, and social environments. This editorial is a collective effort of the Design Science Journal’s editorial board members, past and present. The journal’s inaugural 2015 editorial, “Design Science: Why, What and How,” reflected the thoughts and vision of that first editorial board for the new journal and the discipline it represented. The present contribution offers the reflections of editors who served the journal in the past 10 years. The individual contributions were not primed and are presented here unedited for conformity or consistency. Differently from the 2015 editorial, there is no effort to synthesize the individual contributions, leaving the task to our readers, who can draw their own conclusions about the Design Science Journal and community accomplishments to date, and the challenges ahead.

We report a record-breaking 213.4 W continuous-wave diamond Raman laser operating at 1240 nm using polarization beam combining dual-fiber pumps and a quasi-Z-shaped cavity to suppress back-reflection. The secondary pump amplified the Stokes field without altering its polarization, confirming polarization-independent gain enhancement. Results demonstrate that high pump power, robust cavity design, reduced optical damage, temperature control of the mirror and crystal and parasitic Brillouin suppression were critical for maximizing Stokes output. The work surpasses the decade-old 154 W record, highlighting diamond’s potential in high-power applications.

In the present study, we observe interesting profiles and fluctuations in a quasi-two-dimensional thermal convection system filled with low-Prandtl-number liquid metal. A high-precision thermistor, which can be precisely controlled to move up and down, is used to measure the temperature distribution along the centreline of a convection cell. As the thermistor probes move away from the heated wall surface, the measured temperatures initially decrease to values below the central temperature of the cell, then recover to the central temperature, indicating an inverse temperature gradient. Furthermore, by analysing the root-mean-square temperature ($\sigma _T (z)$) along the centreline, we find a second peak away from the wall location, which has never been reported before, in addition to the first peak associated with the thermal boundary thickness. This phenomenon is also confirmed by the results of third- and fourth-order moments of temperature. Experimental results, together with insights from previous studies, suggest that in liquid metal, the distinct flow organisation arising from the large thermal diffusivity plays an important role in shaping the observed temperature distribution.

In this study, we present a low-numerical-aperture (NA) confined-doped fiber architecture that synergistically mitigates transverse mode instability (TMI) through combined optical waveguide engineering and spatially tailored gain distribution. The individual and combined benefits of low-NA fiber design and the confined-doped fiber design strategy on TMI mitigation are numerically investigated. Building upon these theoretical analyses, a self-developed fiber, featuring a core/cladding diameter of approximately 26/400 μm, a core NA of approximately 0.045 and a core doping ratio of approximately 75%, is fabricated. Further experimental validation in a master oscillator power amplifier demonstrates 6.74 kW output power with near-single-mode (M${}^2\sim$1.49) beam quality, validating the design’s efficacy. This study establishes a novel fiber design paradigm that concurrently addresses TMI mitigation, beam quality maintenance and power scalability, offering a viable pathway toward robust high-power fiber laser sources with near-diffraction-limited beam quality.

Biomechanical intervention on lower limb joints using exoskeletons to reduce joint loads and provide walking assistance has become a research hotspot in the fields of rehabilitation and elderly care. To address the challenges of human-exoskeleton (H-E) kinematic compatibility and knee joint unloading demands, this study proposes a novel rhombus linkage exoskeleton mechanism capable of adaptive knee motion without requiring precise alignment with the human knee axis. The exoskeleton is driven by a Bowden cable system to provide thigh support, thereby achieving effective knee joint unloading. Based on the screw theory, the degrees of freedom (DOF) of the exoskeleton mechanism (DOF = 3) and the H-E closed-loop mechanism (DOF = 1) were analyzed, and the kinematic model of the exoskeleton and the H-E closed-loop kinematic model were established, respectively. A mechanical model of the driving system was developed, and a simulation was conducted to validate the accuracy of the model. The output characteristics of the cable-driven system were investigated under varying bending angles and bending times. A prototype was fabricated and tested in wearable scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate that the exoskeleton system exhibits excellent biocompatibility and weight-bearing support capability. Compatibility tests confirm that the exoskeleton does not interfere with human motion. Through human-in-the-loop optimization, the optimal Bowden cable output force profile was obtained, which minimizes gait impact while achieving a peak support force of 195.8 N. Further validation from wear trials with five subjects confirms the system’s low interference with natural human motion (maximum lower-limb joint angle deviation of only $8^\circ$).

Previous studies highlighted the health benefits of coffee and tea, but they only focused on the comparisons between different consumptions. Consequently, the association estimate lacked a clear interpretation, as the substitution of beverages and distribution of doses were not explicitly prescribed. We focused on the ‘relative association’ to ascertain the optimal consumption strategy (including total intake and optimal allocation strategy) for coffee, tea and plain water associated with decreased mortality. Self-reported coffee, tea and plain water intake were used from the UK Biobank. Within a compositional data analysis framework, a multivariate Cox model was used to assess the relative associations after adjusting for a range of potential confounders. The lower mortality risk was observed with at least approximately 7–8 drinks/d of total consumption. When the total intake > 4 drinks/d, substituting plain water with coffee or tea was linked to reduced mortality; nevertheless, the benefit was not seen for ≤ 4 drinks/d. Besides, a balanced consumption of coffee and tea (roughly a ratio of 2:3) associated with the lowest hazard ratios of 0·55 (95 % CI 0·47, 0·64) for all-cause mortality, 0·59 (95 % CI 0·48, 0·72) for cancer mortality, 0·69 (95 % CI 0·49, 0·99) for CVD mortality, 0·28 (95 % CI 0·15, 0·52) for respiratory disease mortality and 0·35 (95 % CI 0·15, 0·82) for digestive disease mortality than other combinations. These results highlight the importance of the rational combination of coffee, tea and plain water, with particular emphasis on ensuring adequate total intake, offering more comprehensive and explicit guidance for individuals.