Generative Artificial Intelligence (Generative AI) is a collection of AI technologies that can generate new information such as texts and images. With its strong capabilities, Generative AI has been actively studied in creative design processes. However, limited studies have explored the roles of humans and Generative AI in conceptual design processes, which leaves a gap for human–AI collaboration investigation. To address this gap, this study attempts to uncover the contributions of different Generative AI technologies in assisting humans in the conceptual design process. Novice designers were recruited to complete two design tasks in the condition of with or without the assistance of Generative AI. The results revealed that Generative AI primarily assists humans in the problem definition and idea generation stages, while the idea selection and evaluation stage remains predominantly human-led. Additionally, with the assistance of Generative AI, the idea selection and evaluation stages were further enhanced. Based on the findings, we discussed the role of Generative AI in human–AI collaboration and the implications for enhancing future conceptual design support with Generative AI’s assistance.

The cosmic 21 cm signal serves as a crucial probe for studying the evolutionary history of the Universe. However, detecting the 21 cm signal poses significant challenges due to its extremely faint nature. To mitigate the interference from the Earth’s radio frequency interference (RFI), the ground and the ionospheric effects, the Discovering the Sky at the Longest Wavelength (DSL) project will deploy a constellation of satellites in Lunar orbit, with its high-frequency daughter satellite tasked with detecting the global 21 cm signal from cosmic dawn and reionization era (CD/EoR).We intend to employ the Vari-Zeroth-Order Polynomial (VZOP) for foreground fitting and subtracting. We have studied the effect of thermal noise, thermal radiation from the Moon, the Lunar reflection, anisotropic frequency-dependent beam, inaccurate antenna beam pattern, and RFI contamination. We discovered that the RFI contamination can significantly affect the fitting process and thus prevent us from detecting the signal. Therefore, experimenting on the far side of the moon is crucial. We also discovered that using VZOP together with DSL, after 1080 orbits around the Moon, which takes about 103 days, we can successfully detect the CD/EoR 21 cm signal.

What are the implications for global public sociology and labor studies when more than a score of Foxconn workers jump to their death and when a wave of protests, riots and strikes occur in their wake? This article documents the formation of a cross-border sociological intervention project and illustrates how sociological research fueled regional campaigns that gradually developed into a global campaign. This experience confirms the important political contribution that social science can make when linked with grassroots politics. The authors shed light on how social and economic injustice was creatively challenged by combining the strengths of workers, researchers and transnational movement activists. The study uses both quantitative (semi-structured questionnaires) and qualitative (in-depth interviews and participation observation) methods to gain insights concerning the experiences, world views and collective agency of Chinese workers who are struggling to make sense of the global production regime they inhabit and to contest the forces that shape their working and social lives.

Temperature is the most significant abiotic factor that affects the growth and behaviour of insects. However, the mechanism by which the olfactory system senses thermal stimulus and combines temperature and chemical signals to trigger certain behavioural outputs is unclear. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism by which environmental temperature affects olfactory perception in Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae). We used quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blotting to analyse the expression of AcerOr1 and AcerOr2. We also used electroantennography (EAG) assays to detect bee antennal responses to odorants at different temperatures. The results revealed that the mRNA expression of AcerOr1 and AcerOr2 was significantly influenced by temperature. These genes exhibited both increases and decreases in expression over time, with the most significant differential observed at 25 °C. Protein expression was similarly affected at 2 hours after different temperature treatments. Electroantennography responses from the antennae revealed that six odorant volatiles – N-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-((4-ethyl-5-(3-pyridinyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)acetamide (VUAA1), linolenic acid, eugenol, hexyl acetate, 1-nonanol, and lauroleic acid – had the most dramatic effect at 25 °C. The results indicate that environmental factors affecting the expression of AcerOr1 and AcerOr2 modulate olfactory recognition behaviour in A. cerana cerana, suggesting that changes in environmental temperature can affect bees’ olfactory preferences.

The seminal Bolgiano–Obukhov (BO) theory established the fundamental framework for turbulent mixing and energy transfer in stably stratified fluids. However, the presence of BO scalings remains debatable despite their being observed in stably stratified atmospheric layers and convective turbulence. In this study, we performed precise temperature measurements with 51 high-resolution loggers above the seafloor for 46 h on the continental shelf of the northern South China Sea. The temperature observation exhibits three layers with increasing distance from the seafloor: the bottom mixed layer (BML), the mixing zone and the internal wave zone. A BO-like scaling $\alpha =-1.34\pm 0.10$ is observed in the temperature spectrum when the BML is in a weakly stable stratified ($N\sim 0.0018$ rad s$^{-1}$) and strongly sheared ($Ri\sim 0.0027$) condition, whereas in the unstably stratified convective turbulence of the BML, the scaling $\alpha =-1.76\pm 0.10$ clearly deviated from the BO theory but approached the classical $-$5/3 scaling in isotropic turbulence. This suggests that the convective turbulence is not the promise of BO scaling. In the mixing zone, where internal waves alternately interact with the BML, the scaling follows the Kolmogorov scaling. In the internal wave zone, the scaling $\alpha =-2.12 \pm 0.15$ is observed in the turbulence range and possible mechanisms are provided.

Heavy metal being immobilised in the lattice of a mineral is beneficial for its removal, recovery and reuse from wastewater. It is therefore essential to determine how heavy metals can be transferred into minerals controllably. This work developed a potential way for transforming heavy metals (Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+) in wastewater into solids with high efficiency by introducing crystal seeds. The results of this work demonstrate that the addition of hydrotalcite and paratacamite crystal seeds can enhance heavy metal removal, both in simulated and actual acid mine wastewater. The removal rate can be increased by 18–47% and 31.8% for each heavy metal and total heavy metals in the presence of each crystal seed, respectively. Additionally, the recovery products of heavy metals can be changed by crystal seeds. In the systems without crystal seeds, the recovery products are mixtures; but the pure phase can be achieved if crystal seeds are added. For instance, in the Cu2+–Al3+–Cl– system without crystal seeds, the products were mixtures of paratacamite and layered double hydroxides (LDHs). But the products could be altered easily by hydrotalcite or paratacamite seeds. Paratacamite seeds induced Cu2+ to form paratacamite at pH 5.0, but a mixture of LDHs and paratacamite at pH 7.0. In contrast, hydrotalcite seeds induced Cu2+ to form LDHs at both pH 5.0 and 7.0. From the perspective of enthalpies of formation, CuAl-LDH and paratacamite are potential products, but the former is generally more stable, and thus it becomes the dominant product of the reaction systems using crystal seeds. It is believed that the crystal seeds can accelerate the dynamic process of LDH formation. This work suggests a controllable way for heavy metals removal, recovery and reuse.

In the soil environment, divalent heavy metal ions often interact with trivalent metal ions to form hydrotalcite supergroup nanominerals (also known as natural layered double hydroxides, LDHs), effectively immobilising heavy metals within the minerals structure. Concurrently, these LDH minerals also show high surface reactivity and can adsorb surrounding heavy metal ions, thus they play a significant role in heavy metal pollution purification. However, the impact of the subsequent geochemical evolution of heavy-metal-containing LDHs on the migration and transformation of structural and surface-adsorbed heavy metals as well as its surface reactivity towards surrounding heavy metals remains unclear. Herein, Ni(II)Fe(III)-LDH and Co(II)Al(III)-LDH were taken as examples to reveal the influence of redox evolution on the immobilisation of structural and adsorbed heavy metals. The results of this work indicate that the oxidative–reductive alternating evolution of structural Ni, Fe and Co elements constrain the transformation of heavy metals, as well as their bioavailability greatly. The oxidative–reductive alternating evolution helped reduce the content of bioavailable heavy metals in exchangeable and carbonate-bounded states. It can also enhance the integration of heavy metals with the LDH structure and help transform heavy metals into residual states, thereby reducing their mobility and bioavailability. However, oxidative–reductive evolution significantly reduced the surface reactivity of LDHs, diminishing their interface locking ability for surrounding heavy metal ions. This research provides foundational data for assessing the long-term environmental performance of LDHs.

Previous studies have revealed an association between dietary factors and atopic dermatitis (AD). To explore whether there was a causal relationship between diet and AD, we performed Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis. The dataset of twenty-one dietary factors was obtained from UK Biobank. The dataset for AD was obtained from the publicly available FinnGen consortium. The main research method was the inverse-variance weighting method, which was supplemented by MR‒Egger, weighted median and weighted mode. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure the accuracy of the results. The study revealed that beef intake (OR = 0·351; 95 % CI 0·145, 0·847; P = 0·020) and white bread intake (OR = 0·141; 95 % CI 0·030, 0·656; P = 0·012) may be protective factors against AD. There were no causal relationships between AD and any other dietary intake factors. Sensitivity analysis showed that our results were reliable, and no heterogeneity or pleiotropy was found. Therefore, we believe that beef intake may be associated with a reduced risk of AD. Although white bread was significant in the IVW analysis, there was large uncertainty in the results given the wide 95 % CI. Other factors were not associated with AD in this study.

An enhanced wideband tracking method for characteristic modes (CMs) is investigated in this paper. The method consists of three stages, and its core tracking stage (CTS) is based on a classical eigenvector correlation-based algorithm. To decrease the tracking time and eliminate the crossing avoidance (CRA), we append a commonly used eigenvalue filter (EF) as the preprocessing stage and a novel postprocessing stage to the CTS. The proposed postprocessing stage can identify all CRA mode pairs by analyzing their trajectory and correlation characteristics. Subsequently, it can predict corresponding CRA frequencies and correct problematic qualities rapidly. Considering potential variations in eigenvector numbers at consecutive frequency samples caused by the EF, a new execution condition for the adaptive frequency adjustment in the CTS is introduced. Finally, CMs of a conductor plate and a fractal structure are investigated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, and the obtained results are discussed.

Very-large-scale motions are commonly observed in moderate- and high-Reynolds-number wall turbulence, constituting a considerable portion of the Reynolds stress and skin friction. This study aims to investigate the behaviour of these motions in high-speed and high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers at varying Mach numbers. With the aid of high-precision numerical simulations, numerical experiments and theoretical analysis, it is demonstrated that the very-large-scale motions are weakened in high-Mach-number turbulence at the same friction Reynolds numbers, leading to the reduction in turbulent kinetic energy in the outer region. Conversely, the lower wall temperature enhances the very-large-scale motions but shortens the scale separation between the structures in the near-wall and outer regions.

This empirical study aims to shed light on L3 initial-stage transfer and later development by investigating Q-operations in L1 English–L2 Cantonese and L1 Cantonese–L2 English bilinguals’ L3 Mandarin and L1 English speakers’ L2 Mandarin at low and high proficiency levels. Data from an online cross-modal priming task and an offline acceptability judgement task found that structural similarity determines transfer source selection. Adopting a de-compositional approach to cues of different domains, we have found both facilitative and detrimental transfer effects from Cantonese, with the latter triggered by orthographic and phonological cues. Our data also suggest that detrimental transfer effects can persist at an advanced stage and that L3 development and acquisition results can be affected by various factors such as word frequency and the nature of learning situations.

In the present study, acid-modified attapulgite was used, as an adsorbent, to remove as much Cd2+ as possible from aqueous solution. Static adsorption experiments using powdered acid-modified attapulgite, and dynamic adsorption using granular acid-modifed attapulgite, were conducted to explore the practical application of modified attapulgite in the adsorption of Cd2+. The modified attapulgite had a larger specific surface area and thinner fibrous crystals than the unmodified version. No obvious differences were noted, in terms of the crystal structure, between the natural attapulgite and the modified version. The effects of initial concentration, pH, contact time, and ionic strength on the adsorption of Cd2+ were investigated, and the results showed that the adsorption capacity of the modified attapulgite was increased with increasing pH and the initial Cd2+ concentration. The adsorption properties were analyzed by means of dynamic adsorption tests with respect to various Cd2+ concentrations and flow rates. The maximum adsorption capacity of 8.83 mg/g occurred at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and at an initial concentration of 75 mg/L. Because there was better accord between the data and a pseudo-second order model than a pseudo-first-order model, external mass transfer is suggested to be the rate-controlling process. The experimental data were also fitted for the intraparticle diffusion model, implying that the intraparticle diffusion of Cd2+ onto the modified attapulgite was also important for controlling the adsorption process. The Bohart-Adams model was more suitable than the Thomas model for describing the dynamic behavior with respect to the flow rate and the initial Cd2+ concentration. This research provided the theoretical basis for the dynamic adsorption of Cd2+ on the modified attapulgite. Compared to the powdered modified attapulgite, the dynamic adsorption by granular modified attapulgite appeared more favorable in terms of practical application.

As 1:1 dioctahedral clay minerals, kaolinite and halloysite have similar chemical compositions. However, halloysite often possesses a nanotubular structure and special surface reactivity compared to platy kaolinite. The objective of this current work was to determine the effect of the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio on the microstructure and properties of geopolymers derived from two kinds of kaolin: platy kaolinite and nanotubular halloysite. The chemical structures and compositions of the geopolymers obtained were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), whereas the microstructural analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, and N2 physisorption analysis. The results indicated that calcined halloysite showed greater geopolymerization reactivity than calcined kaolinite. In addition, the mechanical properties of the clay-based geopolymers depended not only on the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio but also on the morphology of the clay. Crystalline zeolite A and geopolymer were produced after alkali-activation of kaolin with a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 2.5; these products possessed porous and heterogeneous microstructures having poor compressive strength. As SiO2/Al2O3 ratios increased to >2.5, geopolymers with compact microstructure and high compressive strength were produced after alkali-activation of kaolin. Notably, at a given condition, halloysite-based geopolymers exhibited greater early compressive strength, more compactness, and more homogeneous microstructure than kaolinite-based geopolymers. This can be attributed to the nanotubular microstructure of halloysite, which can release more Si and Al during alkali activation than platy kaolinite. These results indicated that the various morphologies and microstructures among clays have significant impact on the microstructure and compressive strength of geopolymers.

Taste preference is a pivotal predictor of nutrient intake, yet its impact on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the association between taste preferences and MCI and the role of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) in this association. The study included older adults, aged 65–90 years, with normal cognitive function at baseline who were enrolled in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) from 2008 to 2018. MCI was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination, and multivariable Cox regression models were applied. Among 6423 participants, 2534 (39·45 %) developed MCI with an incidence rate of 63·12 - per 1000 person-years. Compared with individuals with insipid taste, those preferring sweetness or spiciness had a higher MCI risk, while saltiness was associated with a lower risk. This association was independent of objective dietary patterns and was more pronounced among urban residents preferring sweetness and illiterate participants preferring spiciness. Notably, among sweet-liking individuals, those with one CMD experienced a significant detrimental effect, and those with co-occurring CMD had a higher incidence rate of MCI. Additionally, regional variations were observed: sweetness played a significant role in regions known for sweet cuisine, while the significance of spiciness as a risk factor diminishes in regions where it is commonly preferred. Our findings emphasize the role of subjective taste preferences in protecting cognitive function and highlight regional variations. Target strategies should focus on assisting individuals with CMD to reduce excessive sweetness intake and simultaneously receiving treatment for CMD to safeguard cognitive function.

Prostrate water primrose is a troublesome weed in rice paddy fields. A study was conducted to determine the influence of environmental and agronomic factors on its emergence. The efficacy of herbicides on this species was also examined. The germination percentage of mature seeds remained above 90% within 180 d after harvest, indicating a low primary dormancy of this species. Light stimulated seed germination. Seeds buried deeper than 0.5 cm did not form seedlings. These results suggest that stale seedbed practices and deep tillage operations can mitigate the occurrence of this species in paddy fields. The optimum temperature for germination varied from 25/15 C to 35/25 C. The osmotic potential and salt concentration needed to inhibit 50% of maximum germination were −0.4 MPa and 197 mM, respectively. Seeds were tolerant to flooding and did not germinate at pH 8 to 10. The preemergence herbicides oxadiazon, oxadiargyl, and butachlor had excellent control efficacy on prostrate water primrose, with a 95.4% to 100% reduction in seedling number and a 99.2% to 100% reduction in biomass, respectively. The postemergence herbicides MCPA-Na + bentazone, bentazone, MCPA-Na, and fluroxypyr applied at the 2- to 3-leaf stage of prostrate water primrose provided a 90.6% to 100% reduction in seedling number and a 99.3% to 100% reduction in biomass. The results of this study can help in developing sustainable and effective integrated weed management strategies for controlling prostrate water primrose in paddy fields.

Plasma vertical displacement control is essential for the stable operation of tokamak devices. The traditional plasma vertical displacement calculation method is not suitable for balancing speed and accuracy simultaneously, which is necessary for real-time feedback control. In this study, neural networks are used to rapidly detect vertical displacement recognition. Based on a fully connected neural network, the vertical displacement calculation model is trained and tested using magnetic data of approximately 2000 shots. To compare the effects of different inputs on vertical displacement calculation, different magnetic measurement diagnostic signals are used to train and test the model. Compared with a full magnetic measurement dataset, 39 magnetic measurement signals (38 magnetic probes and plasma current) show better accuracy with mean square error <0.0005. The model is tested using historical experimental data, and it demonstrates accurate vertical displacement calculation even in the case of a vertical displacement event. In general, neural network algorithm has great application potential in vertical displacement calculation.