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Notes on Contributors
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- By Charles Altieri, Faith Barrett, Alfred Bendixen, David Bergman, Edward Brunner, Stephen Burt, Susan Castillo Street, Michael C. Cohen, Robert Daly, Betty Booth Donohue, Jim Egan, Richard Flynn, Ed Folsom, Stephen Fredman, Frank Gado, Roger Gilbert, Rigoberto González, Nick Halpern, Jeffrey A. Hammond, Kevin J. Hayes, Matthew Hofer, Tyler Hoffman, Christoph Irmscher, Virginia Jackson, Joseph Jonghyun Jeon, John D. Kerkering, George S. Lensing, Mary Loeffelholz, Wendy Martin, Cristanne Miller, David Chioni Moore, Walton Muyumba, John Timberman Newcomb, Bob Perelman, Siobhan Phillips, Brian M. Reed, Elizabeth Renker, Eliza Richards, Reena Sastri, Robin G. Schulze, Mark Scroggins, David E. E. Sloane, Angela Sorby, Juliana Spahr, Willard Spiegelman, Lisa M. Steinman, Ernest Suarez, Joseph T. Thomas, Lesley Wheeler, David Wojahn
- Edited by Alfred Bendixen, Princeton University, New Jersey, Stephen Burt, Harvard University, Massachusetts
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- The Cambridge History of American Poetry
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- 05 December 2014
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- 27 October 2014, pp xi-xviii
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References
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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- Divided Brains
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- 05 February 2013
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- 17 January 2013, pp 172-217
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Frontmatter
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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5 - Causation
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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- Divided Brains
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- 05 February 2013
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- 17 January 2013, pp 123-152
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Summary
Summary
Left–right differences are too complex to be summarized by any simple dichotomy. In particular, interaction between the left and right hemispheres is crucial, with shifts in control reflecting collaboration, as well as bringing to bear the specializations of one rather than the other side. A major theme of this chapter is an attempt to show how specializations of one or other hemisphere interact with those of its partner. It has been argued that left hemisphere control is needed for assessment of a stimulus (e.g. assignment to a category) and for the subsequent selection of an appropriate response. However, initial detection of a stimulus is often made by the right hemisphere, owing to its ability to attend widely across panoramic space and to a wide range of properties of the stimulus. The left hemisphere may then intervene to control further assessment. At the same time, when a task is being performed, the left hemisphere is able to specify relevant properties of the stimulus, which are then used in searching for that stimulus using both the right and left hemispheres.
Introduction
Discussions of brain lateralization, understandably, often attempt to make simple summaries of its organization. We might say that we talk with the ‘left brain’ and are emotional with the ‘right brain’. The term ‘brain’ itself is inadequate here, as we will see when considering the roles of different structures; the term ‘hemisphere’ (i.e. cerebral hemisphere) is used when it is reasonably clear that forebrain structures are chiefly involved. Such terms are a necessary convenience for broad generalizations. Nevertheless, it is clear that, although shortened characterizations of right and left are unavoidable, at some points in discussions they should be treated with caution. An unexpected recent attempt at such characterization (Dien, 2008) is that the left hemisphere ‘anticipates multiple possible futures’, while the right hemisphere ‘integrates ongoing strands of information into a single view of the past’. Novel dichotomies such as this, however, have the merit of provoking new lines of thought.
Preface
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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- Divided Brains
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- 05 February 2013
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- 17 January 2013, pp ix-x
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Summary
Research on lateralization of brain and behaviour in animals has expanded rapidly over the past two decades and continues to grow exponentially. The same is true of studies on lateralization in humans, and the evidence from these two sources is integrated in this book in a way not previously attempted. We were motivated to write this book because of the widening interest in the subject and a perceived need to make the most up-to-date information available in a form that, we hope, is stimulating and easy to read. Since there are many general texts on cerebral specialization in humans, our chief focus was on left–right differences in brain and behaviour in non-human animals, with the aim of bringing together recent striking advances arising from study of lateralization in these species and the state of knowledge of lateralization in humans.
We approached the topic of lateralization from the perspective of Tinbergen’s four questions (function, evolution, development, causation), to each of which we have devoted one chapter.
List of Illustrations
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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6 - Applications and future directions
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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- 17 January 2013, pp 153-171
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Summary
Summary
This chapter considers potential applications of our knowledge about brain lateralization and some of the important questions for future research. First, it covers the potential to improve animal welfare by measuring lateralized behaviour. In doing so, it highlights the role of the right hemisphere in the expression of intense emotions and stress responses and extends this to consider unusual lateralization in humans. Then it outlines some of the areas important for future investigation of lateralization in animals and humans. The latter includes understanding of personality theory, thought processes, and formation and recall of memory. Lateralization in the different sensory systems and the interactions between the hemispheres in natural as well as laboratory contexts are important topics for further investigation.
Application of knowledge of lateralization
Now that lateralization has been established as a general characteristic of the vertebrate brain, it is worthwhile considering how this knowledge might be applied usefully to understanding animal behaviour and what lines of research are likely to be fruitful in the future.
Animal welfare
Can knowledge of lateral preferences be usefully applied to improving the welfare of animals? It seems very possible that continuous or exaggerated dependence on the right hemisphere occurs in animals suffering stress and that we might determine which animals are in this condition or which environments induce it by measuring eye, ear or nostril preferences. Although some studies have touched on this question, few have investigated it in any detail.
Advance praise
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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1 - Introduction
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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- 17 January 2013, pp 1-34
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Summary
Once the emperor Hui Tsung was enjoying the sight of a lichee tree laden with fruit before the palace when a peacock approached the tree, and he summoned his artists at once to make a picture. They produced a magnificent painting of the peacock with its right foot poised to take a step on a flower-bed: but to their surprise the emperor shook his head over it. A few days later when he asked if they had discovered their mistake, they had no answer ready. Then Hui Tsung told them: ‘A peacock always raises its left foot first to climb.’
Cheng Chen-To, Chang Heng and Hsu Pang-Ta (1957)Summary
Once thought to be unique to the human brain, lateralization of structure and behaviour is now known to be widespread in vertebrates and, furthermore, it has a similar plan of organization in the different species. This chapter introduces the basic pattern of lateralization of vertebrate species and does so in a historical context to highlight the fact that, until some 20 years ago, it was widely and incorrectly assumed that having a lateralized brain was a mark of the cognitive superiority of humans. It also introduces some of the new evidence showing the presence of lateralization in invertebrate species.
4 - Development
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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- Divided Brains
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- 05 February 2013
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- 17 January 2013, pp 98-122
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Summary
Summary
Experience can enhance, suppress or change in other ways the development of lateralization. Exactly which of these occurs depends on the species, the nature of the experience and the stage of life at which it takes place. Lateralization of individuals and groups can be modulated by experience and by steroid hormones. The latter may be important in the development of sex differences in lateralization. Research in this area is in its infancy compared with our knowledge of species differences in lateralization, but we are able to give some potent examples to illustrate the importance of experience and hormone levels at particular stages of development.
Introduction
The brain is not as hard-wired as once thought. It changes its connections in response to experience, especially in early life but also in adulthood. Some regions of the brain even change size in response to specific kinds of experience. The hippocampus is such a region. In humans, we know that the hippocampus has a special role in spatial memory. A study of London taxi drivers has shown that they have a larger than average posterior region of the right hippocampus and a smaller than average anterior region of the hippocampus (Maguire et al., 2000). In animals too, the size of the hippocampus is related to spatial ability. Species that cache food and retrieve it at a later time have a larger hippocampus than do closely related non-caching species. This is known to be the case in squirrels (Johnson et al., 2010), kangaroo rats (Jacobs and Spencer, 1994) and several species of birds, including marsh tits and Clarke’s nutcrackers (Shettleworth, 2003).
Contents
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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- Divided Brains
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- 05 February 2013
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- 17 January 2013, pp v-v
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Index
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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- Divided Brains
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- 05 February 2013
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- 17 January 2013, pp 218-229
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Divided Brains
- The Biology and Behaviour of Brain Asymmetries
- Lesley J. Rogers, Giorgio Vallortigara, Richard J. Andrew
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- 05 February 2013
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- 17 January 2013
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Asymmetry of the brain and behaviour (lateralization) has traditionally been considered unique to humans. However, research has shown that this phenomenon is widespread throughout the vertebrate kingdom and found even in some invertebrate species. A similar basic plan of organisation exists across vertebrates. Summarising the evidence and highlighting research from the last twenty years, the authors discuss lateralization from four perspectives - function, evolution, development and causation - covering a wide range of animals, including humans. The evolution of lateralization is traced from our earliest ancestors, through fish and reptiles to birds and mammals. The benefits of having a divided brain are discussed, as well as the influence of experience on its development. A final chapter discusses outstanding problems and areas for further investigation. Experts in this field, the authors present the latest scientific knowledge clearly and engagingly, making this a valuable tool for anyone interested in the biology and behaviour of brain asymmetries.
2 - Function
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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- Divided Brains
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- 05 February 2013
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- 17 January 2013, pp 35-61
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Summary
Summary
Lateralization is manifested in two main ways: (1) in individuals but with no common direction (bias) in the group or population, or (2) in individuals and in the same direction in most individuals so that the group or population is biased. The first is discussed in terms of evidence of efficiency of neural processing in a lateralized brain. The second is discussed mainly in terms of the hypothesis that population biases occur as evolutionarily stable strategies when lateralized individuals coordinate with each other. This hypothesis is supported both by recent evidence and by mathematical models.
Introduction
It is believed that bilateral symmetry evolved when organisms adopted an axial orientation to their direction of movement and it is usually agreed that the pathway to a bilateral nervous system led from radial symmetry. In addition to being bilaterally divided, however, the nervous system of vertebrates shows a pervasively contralateral organization in that afferent and efferent pathways cross the midline of the body so that each side of the brain connects to the opposite side of the body. Also, as we have already seen (Chapter 1), the nervous system has a certain degree of asymmetry between the left and the right sides, and this is seen in both function and structure. Before considering the function of such an asymmetrical organization let us discuss the problem of why the nervous system is organized contralaterally (Figure 2.1), given that we shall refer to such an organization almost continuously while describing experiments and observations on asymmetries in animal behaviour.
3 - Evolution
- Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Giorgio Vallortigara, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy, Richard J. Andrew, University of Sussex
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- 05 February 2013
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- 17 January 2013, pp 62-97
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Summary
Summary
This chapter discusses the evolution of lateralization in vertebrates and their ancestors. Vertebrate asymmetry was dominated from the start by extraordinary bodily asymmetry, which determined the course of evolution of nervous system asymmetries. Modern Echinoderms (starfish and sea urchins) and all chordates (the group to which vertebrates belong) came from an ancestor that had extreme right–left asymmetry. Evidence from invertebrates, discussed later in this chapter, suggests that the possession of paired sense organs (including sensory inputs from paired appendages, as well as from paired eyes) has sometimes been sufficient to allow the evolution of lateralization of functions of the central nervous system. The evidence takes us far from the earlier notion that hemispheric specialization evolved in humans about 2.5 million years ago along with language, handedness and tool using. Although important steps in human evolution, discussed here, involved brain lateralization, they were shaped by pre-existing asymmetries, rather than appearing de novo.
Origins of asymmetry in chordates
Ancestral chordates lived in a marine environment (in the Cambrian/Precambrian periods) very different from any present today. Food was available as tiny algae near the surface of the sea and as organic remains that had sunk to the sea floor; both were exploited by animals. The rarity of deep burrowing forms of life (Bambach et al., 2007) meant that accumulation of edible particles in the deposits on the sea floor was greater than now. The structure of food webs (‘what ate what’) reveals that, because efficient predators were relatively scarce (albeit not non-existent, as shown by the recent discovery of a Cambrian, arthropod predator; Paterson et al., 2011), many organisms did well at this time without the need for very effective defences against predators or the ability to flee (Bambach et al., 2007).
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Survival with an asymmetrical brain: Advantages and disadvantages of cerebral lateralization
- Giorgio Vallortigara, Lesley J. Rogers
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- Behavioral and Brain Sciences / Volume 28 / Issue 4 / August 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 September 2005, pp. 575-589
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Recent evidence in natural and semi-natural settings has revealed a variety of left-right perceptual asymmetries among vertebrates. These include preferential use of the left or right visual hemifield during activities such as searching for food, agonistic responses, or escape from predators in animals as different as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. There are obvious disadvantages in showing such directional asymmetries because relevant stimuli may be located to the animal’s left or right at random; there is no a priori association between the meaning of a stimulus (e.g., its being a predator or a food item) and its being located to the animal’s left or right. Moreover, other organisms (e.g., predators) could exploit the predictability of behavior that arises from populationlevel lateral biases. It might be argued that lateralization of function enhances cognitive capacity and efficiency of the brain, thus counteracting the ecological disadvantages of lateral biases in behavior. However, such an increase in brain efficiency could be obtained by each individual being lateralized without any need to align the direction of the asymmetry in the majority of the individuals of the population. Here we argue that the alignment of the direction of behavioral asymmetries at the population level arises as an “evolutionarily stable strategy” under “social” pressures occurring when individually asymmetrical organisms must coordinate their behavior with the behavior of other asymmetrical organisms of the same or different species.
Forming an asymmetrical brain: Genes, environment, and evolutionarily stable strategies
- Giorgio Vallortigara, Lesley J. Rogers
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- Behavioral and Brain Sciences / Volume 28 / Issue 4 / August 2005
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- 26 September 2005, pp. 615-633
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The present response elaborates and defends the main theses advanced in the target article: namely, that in order to provide an evolutionary account of brain lateralization, we should consider advantages and disadvantages associated both with the individual possession of an asymmetrical brain and with the alignment of the direction of lateralization at the population level. We explain why we believe that the hypothesis that directional lateralization evolved as an evolutionarily stable strategy may provide a better account than alternative hypotheses. We also further our discussion of the influence of stimulation and experience in early life on lateralization, and thereby show that our hypothesis is not deterministic. We also consider some novel data and ideas in support of our main thesis.
6 - Factors affecting the development of lateralization in chicks
- Edited by Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Richard Andrew, University of Sussex
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- Comparative Vertebrate Lateralization
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- 10 December 2009
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- 25 March 2002, pp 206-246
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Summary
Introduction
Over the last two decades, it has been well established that there are a variety of forms of structural and functional lateralization in a number of avian species, including chicks (reviewed by Andrew, 1988, 1991; Rogers, 1995, 1996), pigeons (Güntürkün, 1997b), canaries (Nottebohm, 1977), zebra finches (Alonso, 1998) and marsh tits (Clayton and Krebs, 1994). Among these avian species, the chick, Gallus gallus domesticus, has been used as a model to study how hormones and early experience interact to influence the development of brain lateralization. In this chapter we review a number of studies that have examined the influence of light exposure prior to hatching and of steroid hormones on the development of asymmetry of the visual pathways and lateralization of visual behaviour.
Although the chick has been used extensively in studies of learning, memory formation, visual lateralization and visual neurone development, knowledge of the organization of the visual pathways in the chick is limited. Until recently, most knowledge of the organization of avian visual pathways came only from studies of the pigeon (reviewed by Güntürkün et al., 1993; Bischof and Watanabe, 1997), and it was generally assumed that the visual system of chicks had the same organization as that of the pigeon or one very similar to it. However, our recent studies have shown there are some clear differences between the chick and the pigeon in the organization of the central visual pathways (Deng and Rogers, 1998a, 1998b).
Epilogue
- Edited by Lesley J. Rogers, University of New England, Australia, Richard Andrew, University of Sussex
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- Comparative Vertebrate Lateralization
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- 10 December 2009
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- 25 March 2002, pp 634-640
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Summary
Recent progress in our understanding of cerebral lateralization in vertebrates, as a whole, has been striking. The field has moved from studies designed only to show whether asymmetry of some sort is present in a range of different species to research extending knowledge of the most basic features of lateralization and the conditions under which they probably evolved and in which they develop. The flowering of studies on fish has brought better understanding of the conditions under which lateralization may have first evolved. Major advances (and surprises) are bound to come from a full elucidation of the asymmetries of the brain of Amphioxus, and perhaps the central nervous system of other primitive chordates. Although functional (and behavioural) studies remain to be done, the mere existence in Amphioxus of a direct input from the homologue of the paired eyes of vertebrates to motor mechanisms, which exists only on the left side of the brain, is enough to push our evolutionary horizon back to beyond the origin of the vertebrates.
At present, the clearest hypothesis, which might guide new research, is the proposition that the basic properties of cerebral lateralization are present and similar throughout the vertebrates. This now calls for rigorous testing. Past experience shows that it is not enough to fail to find any evidence of asymmetry in a single type of test (particularly behavioural).