This chapter introduces the aims and structure of the book, familiarizes the reader with key concepts (variants and variables, probabilistic grammars, comparative sociolinguistics, regional variation, indigenization, etc.) and the various subfields of linguistics that are relevant, and sketches the design of the study.

This chapter interrogates corpus data to analyze the three alternations subject to study in this book one by one using a battery of state-of-the-art analysis techniques in addition to customary descriptive statistics, Conditional Random Forest (CRF) modeling and mixed-effects logistic regression analysis. The goal of the chapter is to uncover qualitative generalizations: for example, we see that while effect directions of constraints on variation are generally stable across varieties of English, effects strengths can be significantly different.

This chapter includes a succinct review of World Englishes and dialect typology literature, with a focus on the main theoretical paradigms within this sphere (e.g. the Three Circles model and the Dynamic Model). We then introduce the nine regional varieties of English under study in the book: British English, Canadian English, Irish English, New Zealand English, Hong Kong English, Indian English, Jamaican English, Philippine English, and Singapore English. The discussion includes a brief summary of relevant aspects of these varieties’ sociohistories as well as their linguistic profiles.

Linguistic typology is concerned with classifying human languages and with identifying structural similarities and differences between these languages. Dialectology is the study of typically vernacular and regionally restricted and/or distinctive forms of language. Dialect typology focuses on the intersection between typology and dialectology. In this chapter, we (1) review the set of language-external factors (variety type, world region, exposure to contact) that has been used to categorize World Englishes, (2) summarize the literature about (vernacular) universals, angloversals, and related notions in World Englishes, and (3) discuss work on parameters of structural diversity in World Englishes (analyticity versus syntheticity, complexity versus simplicity).

This chapter investigates the persistence and development of so-called dialect roots, that is, features of local forms of British English that are transplanted to overseas territories. It discusses dialect input and the survival of features, independent developments within overseas communities, including realignments of features in the dialect inputs, as well as contact phenomena when English speakers interact with those of other dialects and languages. The diagnostic value of these roots is exemplified with selected cases from around the world (Newfoundland English, Liberian English, Caribbean Englishes), which are assessed with reference to the archaic/dynamic character of individual features in new-dialect formation and language-contact scenarios.