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The Earth Is Sweet. On Cottica Ndyuka (De)compositions
- Olívia Maria Gomes Da Cunha
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- Comparative Studies in Society and History , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2024, pp. 1-25
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How can we remain attentive to the scale of the environmental damage caused in traditional Maroon territories by the effects of the Plantationocene and the material vestiges of colonial and racial violence left by capitalism? Dwelling on conversations held with Maroon Cottica Ndyuka women living in Moengo, a small town established on the Cottica River in Eastern Suriname to support a bauxite industrial plant in the early twentieth century, this text seeks to illuminate what Maria Puig de la Bellacasa (2021) calls “elemental affinities,” relationships in which humans and more-than-humans interact in composing body and earth through refractive and diffractive effects. The paper observes how the women mixed and modeled clay, turning it into sculpted balls known as pemba or pemba doti, frequently used as a therapeutical and spiritual substance, and as food. In so doing, the text deals with processes such as creating, composing, undoing, decomposing, and perishing once the earth—as soil—takes part in and renders possible the existence of diverse creatures. This is a contribution toward an ethnography of (de)compositions of the earth that sets out from the affinities between earth and bodies, attentive to certain metamorphic possibilities, the multiplicities of relations in which soils act.
Chapter 12 - The Enlightened Planter
- from Part IV - Cultivating Knowledge
- April G. Shelford, American University, Washington DC
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- A Caribbean Enlightenment
- Published online:
- 14 September 2023
- Print publication:
- 05 October 2023, pp 302-322
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This chapter focuses on planters manuals beyond Saint-Domingue published by Jean Samuel Guisan and Jean-Baptiste Poyen de Sainte-Marie. Writing respectively in the very different circumstances of an underdeveloped French Guiana and an economically mature Guadeloupe, both writers urged planters to adopt technological innovations, regiment their workforce, keep detailed records, and prioritize long-term profitability over short-term profits. Publishing in close proximity to the French and Haitian Revolutions (1788 and 1792, respectively), they also had to consider increased anti-slavery sentiment, even revolutionary ferment, in expressing their pro-slavery views. They responded by promoting the ideal of an “enlightened” planter, which is contrasted to the ideas of the marquis de Casaux, published in a 1781 treatise. Appropriating the language of sentiment, Guisan and Poyen folded “humanity” into plantation management, asserting that this would harmonize with the planter’s self-interest and increase his happiness by promoting that of the enslaved. Ultimately, though, they construed the planter’s mastery differently: for Poyen, a benevolent plantation monarch ruled over his subjects while Guisan’s planter was accountable to a wider social and political order devoted to collective good.
10 - The Human Sciences
- from Part II
- Clare Anderson, University of Leicester
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- Convicts
- Published online:
- 06 January 2022
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- 13 January 2022, pp 319-359
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This chapter suggests that the cosmopolitanism of convicts, ex-convict settlers, and their descendants rendered penal colonies ideal places for investigations into the human sciences, and for the development of social science research methods. Administrators and visitors carried out innovative statistical and ethnographic studies in punitive locations, triangulating medical records, and anthropometric measurement with surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. The focus of attention of such research included the pathology of criminal behaviour, the social, cultural, and biological impacts of transportation, and sexuality. In some cases, it emerged out of a concern with the merits or otherwise of penal colonization. In others, it contributed to and shaped contemporary debates on race and, in the Indian context, caste. This can be seen in the analysis of the work of French naval surgeon Joseph Orgéas, in French Guiana; Anton Chekhov’s famous study of Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East; and censuses in the Andaman Islands. Finally, the chapter examines Franck Cazanove’s study of sexuality in the relégué(e) (repeat offender) settlement of Saint-Jean-du-Maroni in French Guiana. Inadvertently, though focused on ‘depravity’, it reveals much about same-sex cohabitation, marriage, and love.
9 - Medicine, Criminality, and Race
- from Part II
- Clare Anderson, University of Leicester
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- Convicts
- Published online:
- 06 January 2022
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- 13 January 2022, pp 287-318
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Convict bodies contributed to knowledge and representations of criminality, race, and ethnicity, and tropical disease. Scientists used convicts to establish causal links between physique, criminal character, and sometimes race. They were especially interested in anthropometry, or the science of physical measurement, including through close analysis of the skull or other bodily features. By the third quarter of the nineteenth century, Italian positivist Cesare Lombroso, author of L’Uomo Delinquente (Criminal Man), had made the highly influential, though controversial, proposition that criminality was biologically determined, connected to hierarchies of race, and thus related to degeneration. Lombroso’s theory was particularly influential in Latin America, though the Russians, British, and French received it with more ambivalence. Later, scientists became interested in how both sensitivity to pain and in flows of blood (including to the face) might be physical manifestations of criminality. From the nineteenth century onwards, penal colonies were important spaces of medical research on morbidity and mortality, including studies of leprosy, hookworm, yellow fever, and malaria in places such as French Guiana and the Andamans. Such research fed into larger global investigations into mosquitos as vectors for sickness and disease. The era under consideration here also impacted on the purpose and method of convict studies.
11 - Escape and Extradition
- from Part II
- Clare Anderson, University of Leicester
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- Convicts
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- 06 January 2022
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- 13 January 2022, pp 360-389
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Focused on a discussion of escape within and across national and imperial borders, the first part of this chapter analyses events following convict escape to other jurisdictions. It covers absconding to and from British, Spanish, French, and Danish islands in the Caribbean, and from British Gibraltar to the Spanish peninsular. The second part focuses on French Guiana, because the scale of transportation to the colony from the mid-nineteenth to early-twentieth centuries, coupled with a highly organized traffic of convicts over river and sea borders, enabled and facilitated large numbers of escapes. It especially focuses on a group of 1848 convicts who fled to the USA and became involved in anti-slavery movement. Overall, the chapter stresses that convict absconding not only offers insights into convict agency and experience, but had profound and enduring legal consequences, notably a series of international agreements and ultimately laws on extradition and deportation. The experiences of these runaways varied widely, and whilst they sometimes demonstrated a sophisticated understanding of legal process, and ingenuity and ambition in determining their fate, the difficulties of remaining at large often confounded their desire for freedom. At the same time, their testimony on appalling conditions contributed to growing global anti-transportation.
13 - Creoles and Variation
- from Part II - Legitimacy, Authority and the Written Form
- Edited by Wendy Ayres-Bennett, University of Cambridge, John Bellamy, University of Cambridge
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization
- Published online:
- 01 July 2021
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- 22 July 2021, pp 371-394
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Pidgins and creoles are typically depicted as involving an unusually high degree of variation. This is also often taken to be indicative of a lack of proper grammatical structuring and language-hood. Variation is presented as an obstacle to standardization and for exclusion from official domains, particularly formal education. For speakers, creoles represent the ‘voice of truth’, convey belonging and are often the main means of communication. Pidgins and creoles were eventually allowed into formal contexts due to pragmatic considerations such as for proselyting and for the mitigation of educational problems rather than identity-based considerations. This has acted as an important catalyst for their wider recognition. Discussions about how to deal with variation continue to hamper processes of standardization and implementation, however. This chapter reviews approaches to and issues in the standardization of creoles and discusses the ongoing standardization of Nenge(e) (Eastern Maroon Creoles) in French Guiana. It is argued that variation is integral to all languages and can be accommodated once pluricentric norms and wider notions of literacy are adopted. Careful attention to language ideologies, including views about variation, are crucial for successful acceptance and use of the outcomes of standardization.
Dipetalonema graciliformis (Freitas, 1964) from the red-handed tamarins (Saguinus midas, Linnaeus, 1758) in French Guiana
- Younes Laidoudi, Riccardo Paolo Lia, Jairo Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan, David Modrý, Charles-Arnaud de Broucker, Oleg Mediannikov, Bernard Davoust, Domenico Otranto
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 148 / Issue 11 / September 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 June 2021, pp. 1353-1359
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Six Dipetalonema species have been reported from Neotropical monkeys, Dipetalonema gracile, Dipetalonema graciliformis and Dipetalonema caudispina being the dominant species found in French Guiana primates. Adult filarioids isolated from the abdominal cavity of tamarins (Saguinus midas) in French Guiana were morphologically and molecularly identified as D. graciliformis. Phylogenetic analysis based on DNA and amino acid sequences of the cox1 gene as well as the concatenated sequences of the cox1 and the 18S genes indicated that D. graciliformis belongs to the clade 4 (ONC4) of Onchocercidae. Blast analysis of the 18S rDNA revealed that D. graciliformis in the studied tamarins is conspecific with the filarioid circulating in howler monkeys (Alouatta macconnelli) in French Guiana, previously referred to as unidentified Onchocercidae species.
Ten new species and 34 new country records of Trypetheliaceae
- André APTROOT, Harrie J. M. SIPMAN, Flávia Maria Oliveira BARRETO, Ariel Dantas NUNES, Marcela Eugenia da Silva CÁCERES
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- Journal:
- The The Lichenologist / Volume 51 / Issue 1 / January 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 February 2019, pp. 27-43
- Print publication:
- January 2019
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Ten new species of Trypetheliaceae are described: Astrothelium bullatothallinum from Venezuela, which is close to A. aeneum but differs by the bullate thallus with a thick cortex, intermixed in a mosaic with the prothallus; A. cayennense from French Guiana, which is similar to A. flavomegaspermum but with a yellow pigment in the pseudostroma near the ostioles; A. diaphanocorticatum from Papua New Guinea, which has a bullate thallus with a thick hyaline cortex and 3-septate ascospores of 25–28×10–12 μm; A. macroeustomum from French Guiana, with joint lateral ostioles, UV+ yellow ostiolar region and 5-septate ascospores of 50–55×12–17 μm; A. minicecidiogenum from Costa Rica, with muriform ascospores of 70–90×20–25 μm, without pseudostromata, with solitary ascomata, lateral ostioles and an inspersed hamathecium; A. palaeoexostemmatis from Thailand, which is similar to A. exostemmatis but with larger, I+ blue ascospores; A. quasimamillanum from Brazil, with muriform ascospores of 30–33×9·5–10·5 μm, without pseudostromata, with solitary ascomata, lateral ostioles and an inspersed hamathecium; A. studerae from Brazil, with astrothelioid ascomata, lichexanthone only in the pseudostromata, 3-septate ascospores of 21·5–23·0×6·5–7·5 μm; A. tanianum from Malaysia, with a bullate thallus, solitary ascomata, covered by the thallus, (9–)11(–15)-septate ascospores, 75–100×20–22 μm; and Pseudopyrenula miniflavida from Brazil, with a yellow-inspersed hamathecium, the inspersion dissolving in KOH without colour change, and 3-septate ascospores, 15–17×5·5–6·5 μm. The unusually thick, hyaline cortical layer of the thallus of Astrothelium diaphanocorticatum, through which the individual algal cells are clearly visible, is discussed. Furthermore, 30 species are reported from 34 countries in which they had previously been unrecorded; one (Astrothelium inspersaeneum) is from a new continent, Asia.
Failed Legacies of Colonial Linguistics: Lessons from Tamil Books in French India and French Guiana
- Sonia N. Das
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- Journal:
- Comparative Studies in Society and History / Volume 59 / Issue 4 / October 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 September 2017, pp. 846-883
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The archives of French India and French Guiana, two colonies that were failing by the mid-nineteenth century, elucidate the legacy of colonial linguistics by drawing attention to the ideological and technological natures of colonial printing and the far-reaching and longstanding consequences of the European objectification of Indian vernaculars. Torn between religious, commercial, and imperialist agendas, the French in India both promoted Catholicism and advanced the scientific study of Tamil, the majority language spoken in the colonial headquarters of Pondicherry. There, a little known press operated by the Paris Foreign Missions shipped seventy-one dictionaries, grammars, and theological works printed in Tamil and French to Catholic schools undergoing secularization in French Guiana, a colony with several thousand Tamil indentured laborers. I analyze the books’ lexical, orthographic, and typographical forms, metalinguistic commentaries, publicity tactics, citational practices, and circulation histories by drawing on seldom-discussed materials from the Archives nationales d'outre-mer in Aix-en-Provence, France. I propose a theoretical framework to investigate how technology intersects with the historical relationship between language and colonialism, and argue that printing rivalries contributed to Orientalist knowledge production by institutionalizing semiotic and language ideologies about the nature of “perfectible” and “erroneous” signs. My comparative approach highlights the interdiscursive features of different genres and historical periods of Tamil documentation, and underscores how texts that emerged out of disparate religious and scientific movements questioned the veracity of knowledge and fidelity of sources. Such metalinguistic labor exposed the evolving stances of French Indologists toward Dravidian and Indo-Aryan linguistics and promoted religious and secular interests in educational and immigration policies.
MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling for the rapid identification of Chagas disease triatomine vectors and application to the triatomine fauna of French Guiana
- MAUREEN LAROCHE, JEAN-MICHEL BÉRENGER, GLADYS GAZELLE, DENIS BLANCHET, DIDIER RAOULT, PHILIPPE PAROLA
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 145 / Issue 5 / April 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 August 2017, pp. 665-675
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Triatomines are haematophagous insects involved in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease. The vector competence of these arthropods can be highly variable, depending on the species. A precise identification is therefore crucial for the epidemiological surveillance of T. cruzi and the determination of at-risk human populations. To circumvent the difficulties of morphological identification and the lack of comprehensiveness of the GenBank database, we hereby propose an alternative method for triatomine identification. The femurs of the median legs of triatomines from eight different species from French Guiana were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis. Method evaluation was performed on fresh specimens and was applied to dry specimens collected between 1991 and 2003. Femur-derived protein extracts provided reproducible spectra within the same species along with significant interspecies heterogeneity. Validation of the study by blind test analysis provided 100% correct identification of the specimens in terms of the species, sex and developmental stage. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry appears to be a powerful tool for triatomine identification, which is a major step forward in the fight against Chagas disease.
How to detect an elusive aquatic mammal in complex environments? A study of the Endangered Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus in French Guiana
- Delma Nataly Castelblanco-Martínez, Virginie dos Reis, Benoit de Thoisy
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The Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus is a cryptic mammal that inhabits, among other areas, murky rivers and estuaries of Central and South America. The difficulty in detecting and counting manatees is an obstacle to monitoring their population status, as traditional count sampling is unsuitable. We conducted a quantitative analysis of the distribution and abundance of the manatee across its known range in the rivers and estuaries of French Guiana, based on data from a range-wide line transect visual survey combined with a side-scan sonar survey, identification of feeding sites, and silent observations at fixed points. A total effective effort of 248 hours and 1,129 km of boat survey was completed. We used two relative abundance indices: the combined encounter rate, which combines encounters per km from either visual or side-scan sonar surveys, and the global detection index, which is defined as the sum of all evidence per unit time. Manatees were detected in all nine study units. Niche modelling was used to analyse the space selection by manatees, and helped to detect differential use of habitats according to the season. The model predicted that coastal areas are used more extensively during the dry season. In the absence of better techniques to detect wild manatees in complex habitats this monitoring protocol may be relevant and replicable in hydrological systems where manatee detectability is constrained by biogeographical characteristics.
The impact of climate changes during the Holocene on vegetation in northern French Guiana
- Vincent Freycon, Marion Krencker, Dominique Schwartz, Robert Nasi, Damien Bonal
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 73 / Issue 2 / March 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 220-225
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The impact of climatic changes that occurred during the last glacial maximum and the Holocene on vegetation changes in the Amazon Basin and the Guiana Shield are still widely debated. The aim of our study was to investigate whether major changes in vegetation (i.e. transitions between rainforests and C4 savannas) occurred in northern French Guiana during the Holocene. We measured variations in the ä13C of soil organic matter at eight sites now occupied by forest or savannah. The forest sites were selected to cover two regions (forest refugia and peneplains) which are thought to have experienced different intensities of disturbance during the latest Pleistocene and the Holocene. We found that none of the forest sites underwent major disturbances during the Holocene, i.e. they were not replaced by C4 savannahs or C4 forest savannahs for long periods. Our results thus suggest that tropical rainforests in northern French Guiana were resilient to drier climatic conditions during the Holocene. Nevertheless, geographical and vertical variations in the 13C of SOM were compatible with minor changes in vegetation, variations in soil processes or in soil physical properties.
High prevalence of HPV infection in the remote villages of French Guiana: an epidemiological study
- A. ADENIS, V. DUFIT, M. DOUINE, F. CORLIN, G. AYHAN, F. NAJIOULLAH, V. MOLINIE, P. BROUSSE, G. CARLES, V. LACOSTE, R. CESAIRE, M. NACHER
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 145 / Issue 6 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 January 2017, pp. 1276-1284
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Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer in women in French Guiana. Studies have shown that populations living in the remote areas of the interior have early sexual debut and that multiple sexual partnerships are common. The objective of the present study was thus to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in these areas. A study was conducted in women aged 20–65 years with previous sexual activity. Women were included on a voluntary basis after using local media and leaders to inform them of the visit of the team. HPV infection was defined by the detection of HPV DNA using the Greiner Bio-One kit. In addition to HPV testing cytology was performed. The overall age-standardized prevalence rate was 35%. There was a U-shaped evolution of HPV prevalence by age with women aged >50 years at highest risk for HPV, followed by the 20–29 years group. Twenty-seven percent of women with a positive HPV test had normal cytology. Given the high incidence of cervical cancer in French Guiana and the high prevalence of HPV infections the present results re-emphasize the need for screening for cervical cancer in these remote areas. Vaccination against HPV, preferably with a nonavalent vaccine, also seems an important prevention measure. However, in this region where a large portion of the population has no health insurance, this still represents a challenge.
A revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Trypetheliales)‡
- André APTROOT, Robert LÜCKING
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- Journal:
- The The Lichenologist / Volume 48 / Issue 6 / November 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 December 2016, pp. 763-982
- Print publication:
- November 2016
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A revisionary synopsis is presented for the family Trypetheliaceae, based on a separately published phylogenetic analysis of a large number of species, morpho-anatomical and chemical study of extensive material, and revision of numerous type specimens. A total of 418 species is formally accepted in this synopsis, distributed among 15 genera as follows: Aptrootia (3), Architrypethelium (7), Astrothelium (242), Bathelium (16), Bogoriella (29), Constrictolumina (9), Dictyomeridium (7), Distothelia (3), Marcelaria (3), Nigrovothelium (2), Novomicrothelia (1), Polymeridium (50), Pseudopyrenula (20), Trypethelium (16), and Viridothelium (10). All accepted genera, including new genera described separately in this issue, are keyed out and briefly described and discussed, and keys are provided for all accepted species within each genus. Entries with full synonymy and brief descriptions, and in part also discussions, are provided for all accepted species, except those newly described elsewhere in this issue, which are cross-referenced in the corresponding keys. The description of the newly defined genera takes into account phylogeny in combination with morpho-anatomical features with the result that they are mostly recognizable by a combination of thallus, ascoma and ascospore features. Most species previously assigned to the genera Astrothelium, Campylothelium, Cryptothelium, and Trypethelium, based on a schematic concept of ascoma morphology and ascospore septation, are now included in a single genus, Astrothelium, with highly variable ascoma morphology and ascospore septation but invariably with astrothelioid ascospores (at least when young), that is diamond-shaped lumina, and a well-developed, corticate, usually olive-green thallus that often covers the ascomata. While the genera Aptrootia (large, brown, muriform ascospores), Architrypethelium (large, mostly 3-septate ascospores), and Pseudopyrenula (ecorticate, white thalli and astrothelioid ascospores) are maintained, Trypethelium is redefined to include species with raised, pseudostromatic ascomata and multiseptate ascospores with thin septa. The sister group of Trypethelium is the genus Marcelaria, with brightly coloured pseudostromata and muriform ascospores. Bathelium is now limited to species with strongly raised, fully exposed pseudostromata and septate to muriform ascospores with thin septa. Several genera are recognized for more basal lineages with mostly ecorticate, white thalli and solitary, exposed ascomata previously assigned to Arthopyrenia, Mycomicrothelia and Polymeridium, viz. Bogoriella, Constrictolumina, Dictyomeridium, and Novomicrothelia. In addition, separate genera are accepted for the Trypethelium tropicum (Nigrovothelium) and T. virens (Viridothelium) groups. In addition, a refined species concept resulting from phylogenetic studies is employed which pays particular attention to morphological features of the thallus and ascomata. Of a total of 526 names checked, 107 remain synonyms of accepted names and a further eight are newly excluded from the family. Based on these redispositions, the following 146 new combinations are proposed, including reinstatement of numerous names previously subsumed into synonymy: Architrypethelium columbianum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. grande (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Astrothelium aeneum (Eschw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. alboverrucum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. amazonum (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ambiguum (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. andamanicum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot comb. nov., A. annulare (Spreng.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. aurantiacum (Makhija & Patw) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. auratum (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. aureomaculatum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. basilicum (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. bicolor (Taylor) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. buckii (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. calosporum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cartilagineum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cecidiogenum (Aptroot & Lücking) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ceratinum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. chapadense (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. chrysoglyphum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. chrysostomum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cinereorosellum (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cinereum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. confluens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. consimile (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. deforme (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. defossum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. degenerans (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. dissimilum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. effusum (Aptroot & Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. endochryseum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. exostemmatis (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. feei (C. F. W. Meissn.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ferrugineum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. galligenum (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. gigantosporum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. indicum (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. infossum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. infuscatulum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. irregulare (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. keralense (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. kunzei (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. leioplacum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. lugescens (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. luridum (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. macrocarpum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. macrosporum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. marcidum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megaleium (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megalophthalmum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megalostomum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megaspermum (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. meiophorum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. meristosporoides (P. M. McCarthy & Vongshew.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. meristosporum (Mont. & Bosch) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. neogalbineum (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. nigratum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. nigrorufum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. nitidiusculum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. octosporum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. oligocarpum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. olivaceofuscum (Zenker) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. papillosum (P. M. McCarthy) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. papulosum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. peranceps (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. phaeothelium (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. phlyctaenua (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. porosum (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. praetervisum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pseudoplatystomum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pseudovariatum (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pulcherrimum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pupula (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. purpurascens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pustulatum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. rufescens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. sanguinarium (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. santessonii (Letr.-Gal.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. saxicola (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. scoria (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. scorizum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. sierraleonense (C. W. Dodge) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. sikkimense (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. spectabile (Aptroot & Ferraro) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. sphaerioides (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. stramineum (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. straminicolor (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subcatervarium (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subdiscretum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subdisjunctum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subdissocians (Nyl. ex Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. superbum (Fr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. tenue (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. thelotremoides (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. trypethelizans (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. tuberculosum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ubianense (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. variatum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. vezdae (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Bathelium austroafricanum (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. nigroporum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Bogoriella alata (Groenh. ex Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. annonacea (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. apposita (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. captiosa (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. collospora (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. confluens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. conothelena (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. decipiens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. exigua (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. fumosula (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. hemisphaerica (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. lateralis (Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. leuckertii (D. Hawksw. & J. C. David) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. macrocarpa (Komposch, Aptroot & Hafellner) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. megaspora (Aptroot & M. Cáceres) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. miculiformis (Nyl. ex Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. minutula (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. modesta (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. nonensis (Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. obovata (Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. pachytheca (Sacc. & Syd.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. punctata (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. queenslandica (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. socialis (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. striguloides (Sérus. & Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. subfallens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. thelena (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. triangularis (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. xanthonica (Komposch, Aptroot & Hafellner) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Constrictolumina esenbeckiana (Fée) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. leucostoma (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. lyrata (R. C. Harris) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. majuscula (Nyl.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. malaccitula (Nyl.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. porospora (Vain.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., Dictyomeridium amylosporum (Vain.) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. campylothelioides (Aptroot & Sipman) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. immersum (Aptroot, A. A. Menezes & M. Cáceres) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. isohypocrellinum (Xavier-Leite, M. Cáceres & Aptroot) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. paraproponens (Aptroot, M. Cáceres & E. L. Lima) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., Distothelia rubrostoma (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Phyllobathelium chlorogastricum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Pseudopyrenula cubana (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Viridothelium cinereoglaucescens (Vain.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., V. indutum (Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., and V. megaspermum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. In addition, six replacement names are proposed: Astrothelium campylocartilagineum Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. grossoides Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. octosporoides Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. scoriothelium Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. pyrenastrosulphureum Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., and Bathelium pruinolucens Aptroot & Lücking nom. et stat. nov. Along with this, 57 lectotypes are newly designated. Most species (392 out of 418) are illustrated, with a total of 697 images in 59 plates, including 406 type specimens. Where appropriate, taxa are briefly discussed. New country or continental records are listed for many species in their revised circumscription. A checklist of taxa described or placed in genera belonging in Trypetheliaceae but previously excluded from the family, and their current names, is also provided.
New tropical calicioid lichens from South America
- André APTROOT, Narla MOTA JUNIOR, Viviane Monique dos SANTOS, Marcela Eugenia da Silva CÁCERES
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- Journal:
- The The Lichenologist / Volume 48 / Issue 2 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 February 2016, pp. 135-139
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- March 2016
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Three new calicioid lichens are described from the Neotropics. Mazaediothecium uniseptatum, with 1-septate ascospores, is described from French Guiana. Mycocalicium enterographicola, with turbinate, green-pruinose apothecia and stalk and a distinct mazaedium, occurring lichenicolous on Enterographa cf. quassiaecola Fée, is described from Sergipe State in Brazil. Stenocybe tropica, with 3-septate ascospores remaining clustered in the mouth of the apothecium, and persistent asci, is described from mangrove tree bark in São Paulo State, Brazil.
Landscape patterns influence communities of medium- to large-bodied vertebrates in undisturbed terra firme forests of French Guiana
- Cécile Richard-Hansen, Gaëlle Jaouen, Thomas Denis, Olivier Brunaux, Eric Marcon, Stéphane Guitet
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- Journal:
- Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 31 / Issue 5 / September 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 June 2015, pp. 423-436
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Whereas broad-scale Amazonian forest types have been shown to influence the structure of the communities of medium- to large-bodied vertebrates, their natural heterogeneity at smaller scale or within the terra firme forests remains poorly described and understood. Diversity indices of such communities and the relative abundance of the 21 most commonly observed species were compared from standardized line-transect data across 25 study sites distributed in undisturbed forests in French Guiana. We first assessed the relevance of a forest typology based on geomorphological landscapes to explain the observed heterogeneity. As previously found for tree beta-diversity patterns, this new typology proved to be a non-negligible factor underlying the beta diversity of the communities of medium- to large bodied vertebrates in French Guianan terra firme forests. Although the species studied are almost ubiquitous across the region, they exhibited habitat preferences through significant variation in abundance and in their association index with the different landscape types. As terra firme forests represent more than 90% of the Amazon basin, characterizing their heterogeneity – including faunal communities – is a major challenge in neotropical forest ecology.
Taking the lead on climate change: modelling and monitoring the fate of an Amazonian frog
- Elodie A. Courtois, Elodie Michel, Quentin Martinez, Kevin Pineau, Maël Dewynter, Gentile F. Ficetola, Antoine Fouquet
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Climate change is expected to have important impacts on biodiversity. However, cases showing explicit links between species decline and climate are scarce, mostly because of a lack of baseline data. Tropical ectotherms with narrow altitudinal ranges are particularly sensitive to climate change; for example the frog Pristimantis espedeus may be at risk, with only nine populations known to date in French Guiana, all on isolated massifs. Ecological niche modelling indicated that these populations could disappear by 2070. To facilitate testing of this prediction we conducted a study to design an efficient, cost-effective monitoring protocol, combining occupancy rate estimations using passive acoustic recorders, and abundance estimations using acoustic repeated counts and capture–mark–recapture. We found the passive recorders to be effective, with a detection probability of 0.8. Two recording sessions were sufficient to estimate occupancy rates reliably. A minimum of 57 surveyed sites were required to detect a decline of 15% in occupancy between two consecutive monitoring events. Acoustic repeated counts and capture–mark–recapture yielded similar density estimates (1.6 and 1.8 calling males per 100 m2, respectively). Based on these results we present a protocol based on passive acoustic recording and abundance monitoring to monitor P. espedeus populations.
A key to the corticolous microfoliose, foliose and related crustose lichens from Rondônia, Brazil, with the description of four new species
- André APTROOT, Marcela Eugenia da Silva CÁCERES
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- Journal:
- The The Lichenologist / Volume 46 / Issue 6 / November 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 October 2014, pp. 783-799
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- November 2014
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A key is given to the foliose and squamulose lichens known so far from Rondônia, including also corticolous crustose lichens with a chlorococcoid alga. The foliicolous Lecanorales found are also listed. The following four new corticolous Lecanorales are described from Rondônia: Calopadia granulosa with a granular, corticate thallus and ascospores 1 per ascus, 33–38×10·5–13·0 µm; Crustospathula amazonica with irregularly capitate to nearly globose, c. 0·2–0·4 mm diam. soralia on cartilaginous stalks; Flavoparmelia plicata with a thallus containing usnic and protocetraric acids, with laminal, irregular, globose to cylindrical isidia which are often easily abraded and showing the whitish medulla, but not sorediate or postulate; Physcidia striata with ascending squamules, without hypothallus, often with laminal isidia in defined areas towards lobe tips of some, usually sterile lobes, and often with biatorine apothecia with ascospores simple to 1-septate, (6·2–)7·5–10·0×(2·5–)3·0–3·5 µm. In the whole lichen flora of the lowland rainforest region of Rondônia, the following traits can be discerned: foliose lichens amount to only 17 species (2·7% of nearly 600), 33 (5·5%) are squamulose, while the vast majority (91·8%) are crustose. Cyanobacteria are present in only 6 (1%) species. A chlorococcoid alga present in c. 100 (16%), 12 of which (2%) have a myrmecioid alga. The remainder of the species, a staggering 83%, have trentepohlioid alga, including 6 (1%) with Phycopeltis. In neotropical lowland rainforest, the vast majority of the lichens are crustose and contain a trentepohlioid alga, and the Arthoniales, Graphidaceae and pyrenocarpous lichens are the main groups, each accounting for roughly a quarter of the lichen biodiversity.
Spatio-temporal distribution of Manta birostris in French Guiana waters
- Marc Girondot, Sophie Bédel, Lise Delmoitiez, Mathilde Russo, Johan Chevalier, Loreleï Guéry, Sonia Ben Hassine, Hugo Féon, Imed Jribi
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- Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom / Volume 95 / Issue 1 / February 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 September 2014, pp. 153-160
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Manta ray (Manta birostris) is the largest ray species, but little information is available regarding its biology, distribution and migratory pattern. During an aerial survey conducted in French Guiana waters (South America) in 2006, the observation of several dozen individuals all swimming in the same direction prompted us to develop a research programme on this species as part of an environmental impact assessment for oil drilling. Overall, 117 aerial surveys were performed over 3 years in order to complete a database for this species. In 54 of these flights, a total of 138 individuals were observed. A phenological analysis of this species in French Guiana waters shows a peak presence between July and December, which correlates with sea surface temperature and net primary production in the ocean. The primary production in French Guiana waters is particularly active during this period and could explain the annual pattern for this filter-feeding animal.
Diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species in French Guiana: their main host plants and associated parasitoids during the period 1994–2003 and prospects for management
- Jean-François Vayssières, Jean-Pierre Cayol, Philippe Caplong, Julien Séguret, David Midgarden, Aliès van Sauers-Muller, Roberto Zucchi, Keiko Uramoto, Aldo Malavasi
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Introduction. This study was carried out in French Guiana, over ten years (1994–2003) by three institutions (SPV, FDGPC and CIRAD); it updates the current state of knowledge of Tephritidae (both Dacini and Toxotrypanini tribes) species present in this country. Materials and methods. The work was mainly conducted in inhabited areas (from the Brazilian border to the Surinamese border) where cultivated fruit crops are located. Specimens were obtained by adult trapping and fruit sampling in nearby orchards and at the edge of the rainforest. Trapping was done consistently for 10 years, while fruit sampling was a discontinuous activity. We present only the results for fruit sampling from three consecutive years (2001–2003) in which a total of 880 kg from 45 fruit species in 22 plant families were collected. Results. Twenty-nine plant species from fourteen plant families were found to be hosts of twenty-one Anastrepha species and one Bactrocera species, Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock. During this period, no specimen of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) was collected in traps or fruit samples. We registered the main fruit trees which were hosts for B. carambolae and Anastrepha spp. Five hymenopterous parasitoid species were identified. Among them, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) is an exotic species and was introduced into French Guiana in collaboration with Brazilian authorities (EMBRAPA) in 2000 and 2001 within the framework of a classical biological control program. Conclusion. Our data provide baseline information about the tephritid species of economic importance present in French Guiana and assist in developing potential future control programs of both the B. carambolae and Anastrepha species in the Amazon Basin. These preliminary results are discussed in the light of their implication for rainforest conservation efforts and also evolutionary relationships between fruit flies and their hosts.