Trace-element abundances in the shallow lithospheric mantle of the North Atlantic Craton margin: Implications for melting and metasomatism beneath Northern Scotland

Abstract Bulk rock geochemistry and major- and trace-element compositions of clinopyroxene have been determined for three suites of peridotitic mantle xenoliths from the North Atlantic Craton (NAC) in northern Scotland, to establish the magmatic and metasomatic history of subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) below this region. Spinel lherzolites from the southernmost locality (Streap Com'laidh) have non-NAC mantle compositions, while the two northern xenolith suites (Loch Roag and Rinibar) are derived from the thinned NAC marginal keel. Clinopyroxene compositions have characteristic trace-element signatures which show both 'primary' and 'metasomatic' origins. We use Zr and Hf abundances to identify ancient cryptic refertilization in 'primary' clinopyroxenes. We suggest that Loch Roag and Rinibar peridotite xenoliths represent an ancient Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic SCLM with original depleted cratonic signatures which were overprinted by metasomatism around the time of intrusion of the Scourie Dyke Swarm (∼2.4 Ga). This SCLM keel was preserved during Caledonian orogenesis, although some addition of material and/or metasomatism probably also occurred, as recorded by Rinibar xenoliths. Rinibar and Streap xenoliths were entrained in Permo-Carboniferous magmas and thus were isolated from the SCLM ∼200 Ma before Loch Roag xenoliths (in an Eocene dyke). Crucially, despite their geographical location, lithospheric mantle peridotite samples from Loch Roag show no evidence of recent melting or refertilization during the Palaeogene opening of the Atlantic.


Introduction
MANTLE xenoliths provide a direct (if incomplete) view into the lithospheric mantle underlying the Earth's crust.Xenolith assemblages are the composite result of magmatic and/or metasomatic events and record transient volatiles and fluids.
Interest in the SCLM and its role as a source or sink of metals such as Cu, Mo and Au, has been discussed in the literature for decades (c.f.Groves et al., 1987;Groves and Bierlein, 2007 and references therein).However, recent interest in how the SCLM relates to critical metals and metals of strategic and economic importance (such as the platinum-group elements (PGE) and rare-earth elements (REE)) has re-ignited this debate (e.g.Arndt, 2013).
The composition of the ancient Archaean SCLM beneath the NAC has already been explored in various studies in Greenland (e.g.Bernstein et al., 1998;Hanghøj et al., 2001;Bizzarro and Stevenson, 2003;Bernstein et al., 2006;Wittig et al., 2008;2010;Tappe et al., 2011;Bernstein et al., 2013).Xenolith suites from both West and East Greenland comprise a mix of depleted harzburgitic lithologies, eclogites, dunites and wehrlites, as well as more 'fertile' lherzolite peridotites.Typically NAC mantle xenoliths encompass both spinel and garnetbearing rocks, corroborating seismic tomographic evidence that these ancient lithospheric keels extend to depths >100 km (Kumar et al., 2005).Research into the mineralogy and isotopic composition of mantle xenoliths from the eastern fragment of the NAC margin in northwest Scotland (UK) has resulted in the identification of several suites of spinel-lherzolite xenoliths (see Upton et al., 2011 and references therein).These localities are all situated north of the Great Glen Fault, and are hosted in Permo-Carboniferous and Eocene basic dykes (Upton et al., 2011).
In this study, we present whole-rock major-and trace-element geochemistry for a selection of northwest Scottish spinel lherzolite mantle xenoliths.Samples were chosen to represent the freshest lithospheric mantle material in this region, and therefore provide an excellent opportunity to study the composition of the mantle of the cratonic margin of the NAC.We compare these xenoliths to suites from the centre of the NAC in Greenland, and investigate their whole-rock compositions, silicate mineral traceelement chemistry (specifically clinopyroxene) and accessory mineralogy to identify various metasomatic signatures and constrain the evolution of this part of the NAC.

Overview of the North Atlantic Craton À formation, amalgamation and xenolith localities
The North Atlantic Craton (NAC) extends from eastern Canada (Nain Province), through Greenland, and includes a fragment in the United Kingdom known locally as the Lewisian Gneiss Complex (Fig. 1).The NAC consists of amalgamated Archaean domains with zones of Palaeoproterozoic reworking (e.g.Bridgwater et al., 1973).The geological history of the Lewisian fragment can be subdivided according to the following major tectonic events (see Park, 2005 and references therein): (1) magmatic protolith formation (including ultramafic-mafic bodies now preserved as pods within tonalite-trondhjemitegranodiorite (TTG) gneisses) at 3.0À2.8Ga; (2) high-grade regional metamorphism followed by the initiation of shear zones and associated metamorphism at 2.8À2.5 Ga.Undeformed granitoids from parts of the Lewisian date from 2.8À2.7 Ga and could be coincident with the alkaline province of Skjoldungen in east Greenland (Goodenough et al., 2014 and references therein).This was associated with extensive partial melting (known as the 'Badcallian' event) however the precise date of this melting event is difficult to constrain (Goodenough et al., 2014).Orogenic events elsewhere in the Greenlandic portion of the NAC at ~2.86À2.60Ga are associated with gold mineralization (e.g.Kolb et al., 2013).( 3) Intrusion of mafic-ultramafic dykes (Scourie Dykes) ~2.4À2.3Ga during a period of continental rifting and extension (Davies and Heaman, 2014); (4) ~2.0À1.8Ga calc-alkaline magmatism and volcanic arc accretion, with the FIG. 1. Palaeoproterozoic reconstruction of the North Atlantic Craton (NAC), reworked NAC mobile belts and other 'juvenile' mobile belts.Based on Buchan et al. (2000).The Scottish portion of the NAC is labelled 'Lewisian'.
Palaeogene dykes at the eastern Greenlandic margin of the NAC, at Wiedemann Fjord, have also yielded xenoliths of depleted peridotites, predominantly spinel harzburgites (Bernstein et al., 1998;Hanghøj et al., 2001 and references therein).East Greenlandic xenoliths preserve highly refractory and severe melt depletion signatures (including highly forsteritic olivine and low modal orthopyroxene) and are thought to record formation of the North Atlantic cratonic mantle keel with further Palaeogene partial melting and depletion during the opening of the Atlantic (Bernstein et al., 1998).The same xenolith suite however also contains a spectrum of peridotite compositions which include lherzolites with variable olivine content (down to 50%) and up to 25% clinopyroxene (Hanghøj et al., 2001).As with the western Greenlandic NAC, Os-isotopic compositions from these eastern Greenlandic NAC xenoliths record Archaean polybaric melt depletion for the harzburgites, initiating at 57 GPa (~210 km) and continuing at 2À3 GPa (65À100 km) (Bernstein et al., 1998).Later refertilization of restites added pyroxene (particularly clinopyroxene) and re-equilibrated the modal mineral and isotopic compositions at high temperatures (up to 980ºC).This may have taken place during Palaeogene magmatism associated with the opening of the Atlantic and impingement of the Icelandic mantle plume (e.g.Hanghøj et al., 2001).Hence, both depletion and refertilization are thought to be recorded in the keel of the NAC SCLM in the eastern Greenlandic, following Palaeogene mantle-plume magmatism.

The Scottish portion of the North Atlantic Craton and neighbouring terranes
In Scotland, mantle xenolith localities occur within five tectonic terranes, delineated by major crustal (and probably lithospheric) lineaments (Fig. 2).In the far northwest of Scotland, the Archaean-Mesoproterozoic Lewisian Gneiss complex makes up much of the British portion of the NAC, and is the exposed basement of the Caledonian foreland bounded to the east by the Moine Thrust Zone (MTZ).Adjacent to this, and bounded to the southeast by the Great Glen Fault, is the Northern Highland terrane which at surface comprises predominantly ~1 Ga Moinian metasediments, intercalated with 'Lewisianoid' inliers (Tanner, 1970) which suggest that Archaean basement (at least at the crustal level) extends east beyond the MTZ and underlies the Northern Highland terrane (e.g.Moorhouse and Moorhouse, 1977).OrdovicianÀSilurian high Ba-Sr mixed diorite-granitoid, syenite and pyroxenite-syenite alkaline intrusions occur across the Northern Highland terrane and includes the only carbonatite intrusion in the UK (Loch Urigill; Young et al., 1994).Further, a peralkaline granite intrusion occurred in the late Proterozoic (Carn Cuinneag granite at 594 Ma; Oliver et al., 2008) and could attest to a lithospheric mantle magmatic event at this time.
The subduction of Iapetus oceanic lithosphere below Avalonia was initiated during the Grampian Event (478À460 Ma) and resulted in the tectonic stacking and metamorphism of Dalradian strata and deformation of the Southern Uplands (Stone et al., 1987;Kinny et al., 2003).The Iapetus subduction ended ~450 Ma (Neilson et al., 2009) and by ~430 Ma continent-continent collision had commenced with the edge of Avalonia emplaced beneath that of Laurentia (Stone et al., 1987;Kneller, 1991).The Moine Thrust Zone (MTZ; Fig. 2) was formed by large-scale horizontal shortening of the crust in the early Silurian.Movement along the MTZ largely ceased at ~429 Ma (Goodenough et al., 2011).The Great Glen Fault (GGF; Fig. 2 Barton et al. (1992) are ambiguous in their exact details of a NAC or Lewisian cut-off south of the GGF.For this reason, our xenolith localities have focused on sites north of the GGF.Xenolith suites from the Northern Highland terrane were entrained by Permo-Carboniferous intraplate silica-poor mafic dykes (basanite, melanephelinite and monchiquites), formed by tectonic decompression during continental extension (Kirstein et al., 2006).These dykes have ocean island basalt (OIB)-like mantle source compositions (Upton et al., 2004;Kirstein et al., 2006).While debate continues about the involvement of a mantle plume during Permo-Carboniferous rifting, He isotope data from the Scottish mantle lithosphere (including Streap Com'laidh xenoliths) do not support the hypothesis of involving a mantle plume (Kirstein et al., 2004) and instead suggests that magma was generated as a complex response to tectonic collapse of the Variscan Orogen (Kirstein et al., 2004 and references therein).An overview of this period of magmatic activity in Scotland can be found in Upton et al. (2004).
Most recently, the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) erupted as a widespread continental flood basalt event formed by the impingement of the Icelandic mantle plume beneath overlying lithosphere.Active continental rifting was initiated at ~62 Ma in the UK, Greenland and Baffin Island, and ultimately led to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean (Saunders et al., 1997).The British Palaeogene Igneous Province is part of the earliest magmatic expression in the NAIP and is developed through the Hebrides, the west coast of Scotland and Northern Ireland (Saunders et al., 1997).
The map in Fig. 2 highlights sites of xenolith suites in Scotland, including the three localities used in this study: Loch Roag (LR), Streap Com'laidh (STP) and Rinibar (RNB).These three localities were selected for their large and comparatively fresh peridotite mantle xenoliths, which yield sufficient material to process for whole-rock chemical analyses alongside mineral chemistry studies.All three xenolith localities are on the north side of the GGF, and thus are the most likely to have sampled the margin of the NAC.All of the mantle xenoliths studied are spinel lherzolites (stable at depths of 55À60 km; Griffin and O'Reilly, 1987).No garnet-peridotite xenoliths are recorded in Scotland suggesting that the deeper lithospheric root beneath the Scottish portion of the NAC has been lost during multiple tectonic events (e.g.Menzies and Halliday, 1988).A similar apparent loss of deep cratonic keel is described for the Labrador portion of the NAC, for which a cratonic rifting model was proposed (see Tappe et al., 2007).However, while a deep (garnet-or diamond-bearing) cratonic lithospheric mantle keel may be lacking in Scotland, the spinel lherzolites xenoliths from terranes north of the GGF represent the shallow regions of this cratonic SCLM (see Upton et al., 2011 and references therein).These localities provide an opportunity to investigate the pre-Mesozoic shallow lithospheric mantle, as entrained in basaltic magmatism rather than kimberlites (Bonadiman et al., 2008).By contrast the Loch Roag xenolith suite is entrained in an Eocene monchiquite dyke (Faithfull et al., 2012) and represents mantle potentially modified by the Icelandic plume.A description of each xenolith locality can be found in the following subsections, summarized in Table 1.

Loch Roag, Isle of Lewis (Hebridean terrane)
The 70 cm wide monchiquite dyke near Loch Roag (Isle of Lewis) cross-cuts Archaean Lewisian gneisses and contains a suite of upper mantle and crustal xenoliths and xenocrysts.Recent Ar-Ar age determination has confirmed this dyke to be mid-Eocene in age (45.2 Ô0.2 Ma; Faithfull et al., 2012) and is therefore the youngest known magmatic intrusion in the UK.The xenolith/xenocryst assemblage of the Loch Roag dyke is unusual in comparison to elsewhere in the UK and Europe (Upton et al., 1983).It comprises a diverse range of lithologies and megacrysts; including spinel lherzolites, glimmerites, anothosites/anorthoclasites, gabbros and syenite xenoliths, and phlogopite 'books', apatite and corundum xenocrysts (Upton et al., 1983(Upton et al., , 1999(Upton et al., , 2011;;Hunter and Upton, 1987;Menzies et al., 1987;Menzies and Halliday, 1988;Long et al., 1991).Previous studies on the spinel lherzolites were concerned with the isotopic composition and mineral chemistry of the major rock-forming minerals (see Upton et al., 2011 and references therein) 1987; Upton et al., 2011).Spinel lherzolite xenoliths typically have an oxidized or altered green-orange-brown 'halo' (cm-scale) around their rim (in contact with the host dyke) with unaltered or 'fresh' grey-coloured peridotite at the xenolith core (e.g.Fig. 3aÀb).A suite of bright apple-green clinopyroxene-rich xenoliths (from here on referred to as 'green clinopyroxenites'; Fig. present at Loch Roag.These consist of granular olivine and orthopyroxene, with rare chromite, but are dominated by granular polycrystalline green clinopyroxene. Rinibar, South Ronaldsey, Orkney Isles (Northern Highland terrane, northeast) The Rinibar xenolith locality is an ~1 m wide alkali basalt dyke, cross-cutting Devonian sandstones (UK grid reference [ND 412 929]).The xenolith suite comprises spinel lherzolites, which have been subjected to partial secondary hydration of ferromagnesian silicates along parallel fracture sets (such that xenoliths appear tanbrown; Fig. 3d) and have minor veining by calcite, magnetite and clays.The suite also includes clinopyroxene megacrysts.The host dyke is dated by whole-rock K-Ar methods at 252 Ô10 Ma (Baxter and Mitchell, 1984).Xenoliths from Rinibar have been investigated previously for their silicate and spinel traceelement compositions, in addition to whole-rock Sr, Nd and Hf isotopes (Bonadiman et al., 2008) (see Table 1).The spinel lherzolites still largely record protogranular textures (Bonadiman et al., 2008) with fine-grained (40.5 mm) silicates and spinels and protogranular to porphyroclastic textures (Mercier and Nicholas, 1975).However, the mineral crystal sizes are typically less than what would be expected in cratonic peridotite xenoliths (2À10 mm; Pearson et al., 2003 and references therein).

Petrography and mineral chemistry analysis
Petrographic studies on polished thin sections were employed to identify xenolith textures.
Further thin-section examination, mapping and quantitative microanalysis was carried out on a Cambridge Instruments S360 scanning election microscope (SEM) at Cardiff University.Quantitative microanalyses were obtained using an Oxford Instruments INCA Energy EDX analyser attached to the SEM, with operating conditions set at 20 kV and specimen calibration current of ~2 nA at a fixed working distance of 25 mm.Analytical drift checks were carried out every 2 h using the Co reference standard and a comprehensive suite of standards from MicroAnalysis Consultants Ltd were used to calibrate the EDX analyser.Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was performed on clinopyroxenes at Cardiff University.The system comprised a New Wave Research UP213 laser system coupled to a Thermo X Series 2 ICP-MS.The laser was operated using a frequency of 20 Hz that developed pulse energy of 1À2 mJ for a 40 mm diameter beam.Samples were analysed using an acquisition time of 90 s, comprising a 20 s gas blank, 60 s ablation and 10 s wash-out.Calibration of the ICP-MS was accomplished using the USGS glass standards BIR-1a and BHVO-2G with certified USGS basalt glass BCR-2G analysed as an unknown every 10À12 samples to check the accuracy of the analysis.A summary of the measured concentrations in the BCR-2g unknowns versus expected concentrations is given in Table A in the supplementary information which has been deposited with the Principal Editor of Mineralogical Magazine and is available from w w w .m i n e r s o c .o r g / p a g e s / e _ j o u r n a l s / dep_mat_mm.html.
The suite of isotopes analysed were 23 Na, 25 Mg, 29 Si, 39 K, 44 Ca, 47 Ti, 51 V, 52 Cr, 55 Mn, 60   232 Th and 238 U. Calcium concentrations of clinopyroxene cores and rim, as determined using SEM, were used as an internal standard to correct for matrix and drift effects in the calculation of the trace-element abundances.Blank correction, drift corrections and conversion of ICP-MS output data (counts/s) to concentrations (wt.% or mg/g) were accomplished using Thermo Plasmalab software.Full data for majorand trace-element concentrations in clinopyroxene from the xenolith samples are given in Table B of the supplementary information (deposited and available from w w w .m i n e r s o c .o r g / p a g e s / e _ j o u r n a l s / dep_mat_mm.html).

Whole-rock sample preparation and analysis
Mantle xenolith samples were provided by the British Geological Survey and Hunterian Museum (University of Glasgow).For whole-rock analyses this included seven separate xenoliths of ~3À6 cm diameter from Loch Roag (e.g.Fig. 3aÀc), two larger angular xenoliths (10À20 cm) from Rinibar, and five large xenoliths (ranging from 10 to 15 cm in diameter) from Streap Com'laidh (e.g.Fig. 3eÀf).When cut, some of the Loch Roag peridotite xenoliths display dark green 'alteration' rims, with orange-brown vein-like infills.In one of these samples (LR80; Fig. 3a) a grey-black, visually 'unaltered' central zone in the xenolith was large enough to be extracted and analysed separately.Only xenoliths large enough for powdering were selected for whole-rock analysis but where material was limited, powdered samples weighed >25 g (typically 80À150 g for larger xenolith samples).The dykes hosting the xenolith suites were also analysed in order to compare the compositions of the dykes and xenoliths, and therefore, to assess if dyke material remained during xenolith sample preparation.
All samples were crushed to chips, either by hand (smaller samples) in a hardened steel pestle and mortar, or crushed through a hardened steel jaw crusher (larger samples).Gravels were then milled to a fine powder in agate planetary ball mills at Cardiff University.Major and trace elements were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively, at Cardiff University using methods and instrumentation described by McDonald and Viljoen (2006).Accuracy was constrained by analysis of the certified international reference materials JB1a, JB3, NIM-P, NIM-N, JA2 and JP1.Precision was estimated by repeat analysis of a sub-set of samples.Whole-rock geochemical results for all xenoliths and dykes analysed during this study are presented in Table 2.

Petrography and accessory mineralogy
Representative back-scattered electron (BSE) images obtained by SEM are presented in Figs 4À6.In lherzolites from Streap Com'laidh the effects of peripheral xenolith melting during entrainment in the host dyke are highlighted.This is manifest by Al-Mg hercynite spinel melting reactions to produce 'disaggregated' chromite, which penetrates along silicate grain boundaries and into the host dyke (e.g.Fig. 4aÀb).In some cases, tiny micron or sub-micron scale Ni-Fe sulfide droplets are associated (and entrained?)with the melted chromite (e.g.Fig. 4c).Elsewhere, partially melted clinopyroxene is also observed, however this is not restricted to the xenolith margins and is not obviously associated with any foreign melt ingress.Micron scale Ni-Fe sulfide droplets are also present at the clinopyroxene melting interface (Fig. 4d).In Rinibar xenoliths, silicates (especially olivine) are notably altered and hydrated À e.g. in serpentinized Fe-oxide and Ni-Fe-sulfide droplet-bearing olivine of Fig. 5a.Melting reactions occur at the xenolith margins in contact with the host dyke, however these appear to re-anneal the xenolith, sealing it off at the rim such that serpentinized fractures are 'healed' (Fig. 5b).In some Rinibar samples, clinopyroxene contains elongate inclusions or 'lamellae' of chromite, which have then been cross-cut and fractured by serpentine-filled veinlets (Fig. 5c).Mg-Al spinel is absent in Rinibar, and instead the majority of spinel-group minerals in these xenoliths are chromite.In some cases, the xenoliths contain clinopyroxene, plagioclase and orthoclase different from the composition of the host dyke (Fig. 5d).
Intriguingly, the clinopyroxene-rich specimens also retain white chlorite-filled veinlets (up to 1 mm wide) with minor phlogopite.Within these veinlets, chlorite has been overprinted by a Ce carbonate, possibly bastna ¨site-(Ce) [i.e.

Calculated normative mineral abundances
The CIPW norm calculation results for mineral abundances based on anhydrous whole-rock major oxides (with FeO calculated from {Fe 2 O 3 measured À (TiO 2 + 1.5)}/1.1),and Sr, Ba, Ni, Cr and Zr concentrations based on the method of Rollinson (1993) (and references therein) are shown in supplementary Table C (deposited with the Principal Editor of Mineralogical Magazine and available from www.minersoc.org/pages/e_journals/dep_mat_mm.html)and Fig. 7. Spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Loch Roag have the highest modal olivine contents (56À70 wt.%), generally the lowest orthopyroxene abundances (0.8À24 wt.%) and variable clinopyroxene content (up to 14 wt.%).By contrast, xenoliths from the Northern Highland terrane have s u b s t a n t i a l l y l o w e r o l i v i n e c o n t e n t s (39À59 wt.%) and a narrower range of clinopyroxene abundances (4.5À7.4 wt.%).Xenoliths from the Northern Highland terrane also have a higher calculated abundance of plagioclase feldspars (5.3À10.5 wt.%) consistent with observed occurrences of 'corroded' spinels with a halo of anothosite symplectites in the Loch Roag xenoliths (e.g.Hunter and Upton, 1987).

Major elements
Bivariant plots of major-element oxides against Al 2 O 3 content (as a proxy for the degree of depletion by partial melting) are presented in

Trace elements
Bivariant plots for trace elements in Fig. 9 are plotted vs. Al 2 O 3 .Scottish xenoliths have higher Sc concentrations than elsewhere in the NAC, reflecting higher modal clinopyroxene abundances (Figs 8a and 6, respectively).Xenoliths from both the Hebridean and Northern Highland t e r r a n e s h a v e v a r i a b l e N i c o n t e n t s (1500À2500 ppm; Fig. 9b) but do not fall along a positive fractionation trend relating to partial melting, as seen for Greenlandic NAC peridotites at high MgO content (i.e.Ni/Mg ratio is highly variable).Hence for the Scottish xenoliths and low-MgO NAC xenoliths, Ni concentration is predominantly controlled by sulfide abundance, rather than olivine.The Co content is similarly variable (Fig. 9b) however Cu abundances in the Scottish xenoliths are extremely variable and are several orders of magnitude greater than measured elsewhere in the Greenlandic NAC (Fig. 9d).The Cu appears to vary independently of Al 2 O 3 (or MgO) and probably tracks sulfides which are abundant in some xenoliths.In contrast,

Clinopyroxene compositions
Fully quantitative SEM energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were undertaken on a series of clinopyroxene crystals from various peridotite xenoliths of Loch Roag and Rinibar.Analogous clinopyroxene trace-element compositions from Streap Com'laidh were already given by Bonadiman et al. (2008).This was followed by LA-ICP-MS line analyses, and a selection of clinopyroxene major-and trace-element abundances are presented in Table 3 with full results available in the supplementary information (available from w w w .m i n e r s o c .o r g / p a g e s / e _ j o u r n a l s / dep_mat_mm.html).
Primitive mantle and chondrite normalized trace-element spidergrams and REE plots (Fig. 12aÀg) show that clinopyroxenes from each xenolith sample analysed define distinct compositions.For example, Loch Roag sample LR80 is a comparatively 'fresh' spinel lherzolite with measured clinopyroxene compositions which have consistent negative anomalies for Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr, Hf and Ti (Fig. 12a).The REE profiles of clinopyroxene from this sample (Fig. 12b) show LREE enrichment, with La enriched over Ce and a flat HREE pattern.A striking observation for LR80 is the depletion of Hf N relative to Zr N .Also noteworthy is the slight enrichment of U over Th.
The trace element and REE profiles of pyroxenes in green clinopyroxenite xenoliths LR84 and LR100 (Figs 12cÀd, e and g) are markedly different from that of LR80 À negative anomalies for Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti are smaller than those in LR80.Additionally, U and Th both show positive anomalies, again with U enriched over Th, but these are less pronounced than in LR80.Most strikingly however, in both LR84 or LR100, there is no negative anomaly for either Zr or Hf; Hf N appears to be slightly enriched over Zr N , in complete contrast to LR80.The REE profiles for clinopyroxene from both LR84 and LR100 are significantly elevated to normalized abundances greater than those in LR80, and the REE patterns define a convex shape for LREE, such that Ce and Pr are enriched over La.Between LR84 and LR100 there are yet more subtle differences, e.g. between relative abundances of Nb to Ta and Zr to Hf. Lastly, the clinopyroxene REE compositions of Rinibar xenoliths are more akin to that of LR80 than other Loch Roag samples (Fig. 12g), although this is not strictly the case for all trace elements (Fig. 12f).For example, Rinibar clinopyroxenes have a positive Sr anomaly (rather than Loch Roag's negative one) and Zr-Hf decoupling is even more pronounced, such that Zr N is notably enriched over Hf N , but Hf is not depleted below PUM levels (Fig. 12f).Notably, none of the clinopyroxenes analysed from any of the Loch Roag xenoliths display a negative Eu anomaly, unlike those shown in some of the whole-rock REE diagrams (Fig. 10).In fact, some of the clinopyoxenes in LR80 have a slight positive Eu anomaly.Therefore the negative bulk Eu anomaly must relate to a different mineral phase (or phases) within the xenoliths.and Sun (1995).
identified in LR84 and LR100 plot in the same cluster as these two metasomatic compositions ('Streap type-1' and 'Rinibar type-2' from Bonadiman et al., 2008 as a function of (Gd/ Lu) N ).By contrast, according to (La/Sm) N (Fig. 13a), LR80 and our Rinibar sample (R2) plot entirely separately from the 'metasomatic' pyroxene compositions and must reflect a different origin.
We have further experimented with ways by which to characterize clinopyroxene composition in the mantle À for example according to (Zr/Hf) N and (Nb/Ta) N (Fig. 13c).Metasomatic clinopyroxenes have a low (Zr/Hf) N typically 41.5, while 'primary' clinopyroxene has substantially greater (Zr/Hf) N ranging from >1.5 to 50.Good characterization of clinopyroxene compositions ('primary' vs. 'metasomatic') can also be based on Ga, Y, MgO, Cr and Ni contents (Fig. 12dÀf).In detail, 'primary' clinopyroxenes have a wide range of Ni contents (200 to >1000 ppm) but limited variation in Cr.In contrast metasomatic clinopyroxenes have elevated and wide-ranging Cr concentrations (~1.4 to 3 wt.%Cr).

Discussion
In this study, we have compared the compositions of Scottish spinel lherzolites with those from elsewhere in the North Atlantic Craton (in western and eastern Greenland).On a terrane-scale in northwest Scotland, xenoliths appear to fall into two groups À one which overlaps Greenlandic cratonic NAC xenolith major-element abundances (e.g.Loch Roag and Rinibar) and one which does not and is more akin to 'primitive upper mantle' (e.g.Streap Com'laidh).The question arises: does this discrepancy reflect terrane-scale mantle heterogeneity between the Hebridean and Northern Highland terranes, or do they form a continuous range in a heterogeneous lithospheric mantle?Are these simply the consequence of limited samples from heterogeneous mantle lithosphere?The Cu abundances of the Scottish xenoliths are unusually elevated above concentrations elsewhere in the NAC, or globally for cratonic SCLM À are these 'primary' abundances or have these been recently re-enriched?Similarly, are the critical-metal (e.g.REE) concentrations of the Scottish SCLM a 'primary' or 'metasomatic' feature?And what are the overall mineralogical controls on REE and trace-element abundance in the SCLM?
Terrane-scale variation in the northwest Scottish lithospheric mantle As outlined previously, the lithospheric terranes of Scotland were largely amalgamated and assembled into their present positions during the Caledonian Orogeny.At the surface, Lewisian and/or 'Lewisianoid' exposures suggest that the British portion of the NAC (at least at a crustal level) includes the land masses to the north and northwest of the GGF.
All three suites of xenoliths from the Scottish margin of the NAC (i.e.north of the GGF) are notably less refractory (lower MgO, higher Al 2 O 3 and generally higher FeO T ) than their Greenlandic counterparts (Fig. 8aÀb).While the majorelement compositions of these Scottish xenoliths is similar to that of ultramafic cumulate rocks from the Archaean Tartoq supracrustal belt of SW Greenland (e.g.Szilas et al., 2014) we see no textural or mineralogical evidence to suggest that the spinel peridotite xenoliths of Loch Roag, Rinibar and Streap Com'laidh are anything other than upper mantle lithologies (see Upton et al., 2011 and references therein and c.f., Downes et al., 2007).This suggests that the Scottish margin has either been re-fertilized separately from the wider NAC, or was not as extensively depleted.In detail however, there are differences in xenolith composition between the three Scottish xenolith localities À e.g. between the southwest and northeast portions of the Northern Highland terrane.While the Rinibar xenoliths are more serpentinized than those from Streap Com'laidh, their anhydrous major-element compositions overlap those from elsewhere in the NAC and other cratons (Fig. 8aÀb and dÀh).In contrast the fresher Streap Com'laidh xenoliths show a very narrow range in major-element abundances, more similar to the 'primitive upper mantle' of McDonough and Sun (1995).
The Eu/Eu* anomaly is calculated as Eu N /((Sm N + Gd N )60.5)where ' N ' denoted chondrite normalization.
Both Northern Highland terrane xenolith suites were entrained into Permo-Carboniferous dykes, and thus they were removed and isolated from the SCLM well before the Palaeogene impingement of the Icelandic plume.Despite the major elements of Streap Com'laidh xenoliths recording a comparatively undepleted mantle composition, in agreement with other isotopic evidence (e.g. 3 He/ 4 He of fluid inclusions in olivine, Kirkstein et al., 2004;and whole-rock and clinopyroxene Sr-and Ndisotopes, Menzies and Halliday, 1988;Downes et al., 2001Downes et al., , 2007;;Bonadiman et al., 2008), Streap Com'laidh xenoliths do not display any of the characteristic positive or negative anomalies seen in samples from Loch Roag or Rinibar (e.g. for Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti and LREE).Similarly, trace elements such as Co (Fig. 9c) occur at lower concentrations, with correspondingly higher V, than in the other Scottish or cratonic xenoliths globally.Thus in many ways, both geochemically and isotopically, the Streap Com'laidh spinel lherzolites resemble shallow upper mantle compositions underlying MORB, high-temperature offcraton settings, or truly primitive upper mantle.Although the xenoliths were derived from the lithospheric mantle underlying Streap Com'laidh, the very process of xenolith entrainment in the magmas of the host dyke is likely to have introduced a natural sampling bias, such that not all SCLM lithologies will have been entrained into the dyke or preserved at the current level of exposure.As such Streap Com'laidh spinel lherzolites may not in fact be representative of the truly cratonized margin of the NAC at all, and could instead constitute fragment(s) of 'exotic' mantle (possibly part of the Iapetus slab subducted during the Caledonian orogeny).This is corroborated by Bonadiman et al. (2008) who highlighted that the fine crystal sizes prevalent in Streap Com'laidh peridotite xenoliths do not concur with either simple 'pure' Archaean to Phanerozoic cratonic, or Phanerozoic off-cratonic environments.Rheological and thermal evidence may suggest that the Streap Com'laidh xenoliths crystallized in a high-stress environment, which allowed for efficient dynamic recrystallization and perturbing the Ostwald ripening long-term hightemperature low-stress regime dominant in Archaean subcratonic mantle (Silver et al., 1999;Pearson et al., 2003).
By contrast, the spinel lherzolites of Rinibar and Loch Roag are geochemically similar, despite being entrained in host dykes separated in age by more than 200 Myr.For example, the whole-rock major-element compositions of both suites overlap, and the REE abundances in both Rinibar samples and LR80 (fresh spinel lherzolite xenolith 'core') are very similar.Both Loch Roag and Rinibar lherzolites display negative wholerock Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies (Fig. 11a).Other trace elements however, reveal subtle discrepancies; e.g.Ba and Sr (and P in one sample) are enriched in Rinibar samples in comparison to those from Loch Roag.Given the relative proximity of a suite of late-Caledonian (~430À420 Ma) high Ba-Sr mixed dioritegranitoid, syenite and pyroxenite-syenite intrusions in northern Scotland (for example at Loch Borralan, Loch Loyal, Helmsdale, Rogart and Ach' Uaine) and especially accounting for Caledonian westward motion along the MTZ, it is plausible that the SCLM of this northeast region was affected by the transient large-ion lithophile element rich melts or fluids of that time.This would suggest that a Caledonian subductionrelated signature has (in part) been recorded or preserved in this region of the SCLM, for example representing part of the Caledonian Parental Magma Array (Fowler et al., 2008).
The spinel lherzolites from Loch Roag (e.g.samples LR80, LR81, LR90, LR289 and LR101335) have more steeply fractionated chondrite-normalized REE patterns, with notable negative Eu anomalies in comparison to the green clinopyroxenite samples of LR84 and LR100.LR80 has the smallest negative Eu anomaly in comparison to the other spinel lherzolites, and given that the bulk powdering of LR80 involved the removal of the oxidized and barite-bearing outer 'altered' rim of this xenolith, it might suggest that the negative Eu anomaly is largely controlled by this 'altered' rim material.Otherwise the relative depletion in Eu on Fig. 10a for Loch Roag lherzolites suggests that at some point during the history of the xenoliths, plagioclase feldspar was fractionating (melted out) of a pre-spinel lherzolite protolith, or that metasomatism from a fluid in equilibrium with plagioclase had occurred.Both of these scenarios would be highly unusual in mantle lithologies.
For the green clinopyroxenites (LR84 and LR100), Zr and Hf concentrations are an order of magnitude higher than other Loch Roag wholerock samples; a result of elevated Zr and Hf contents of their component clinopyroxene (e.g.Fig. 12).However beyond this, no systematic differences in whole-rock geochemistry can be established between the lherzolites and green clinopyroxenites except for slightly higher K 2 O and TiO 2 concentrations in the spinel lherzolites.Therefore, if the green clinopyroxenite samples truly represent modally metasomatized SCLM peridotites, they have largely retained the majorand trace-element bulk compositions of the spinel lherzolites (including the 'fresh' xenolith core composition of LR80).

Rare-earth elements of the sub-Lewisian lithosphere
The Loch Roag and Rinibar xenoliths are unusually rich in LREE.The Rinibar spinel lherzolites and sample LR80 from Loch Roag (which sampled only the 'fresh' grey peridotite interior of the xenolith) have LREE abundances elevated well above chondrite (Fig. 10a) but these are not as enriched as other Loch Roag xenoliths.Samples LR90, LR81, LR101335 and LR289 are also spinel lherzolites, but whole-rock powder included green-brown xenolith rims which contain traces of barite, Fe 3+ oxides and serpentine.This is reflected in their higher LOI values (>1 wt.%,Table 2).These xenoliths with altered rims also have extremely enriched LREE patterns, well in excess of 1006chondrite (Fig. 10a), with negative Eu anomalies.This clearly indicates that the haloes are not simply surface weathering artefacts.The REE pattern of the Loch Roag monchiquite dyke lacks a Eu anomaly, so a simple link to the host rock seems unlikely.Currently we do not know whether the enhanced LREE is caused by the same process as the alteration/oxidation, or whether the association is incidental, and instead reflects an increased susceptibility to such alteration in the LREEenriched peridotites.
The effect of accessory mineralogy on REE whole-rock geochemistry can be significant and is easily overlooked.In one Loch Roag xenolith (LR84) a chlorite-and serpentine-filled veinlet has been overprinted by bastna ¨site (Ce carbonate) À Fig. 6eÀf.Clearly Ce (and La) are major constituents of this mineral, and thus only trace amounts of bastna ¨site would have a significant impact on the whole-rock geochemistry of the powdered rock.Similar bastna ¨site-filled veins have not been found in any other xenoliths in this study.Nonetheless this highlights the importance of detailed petrography in mantle xenolith studies.
Under H 2 O-rich conditions, (e.g. in mantle wedges above subduction zones) chlorite can be stable to temperatures just above the H 2 Osaturated solidus between 2 and 3.6 GPa (Till et al., 2012;Grove et al., 2006).Chlorite is not uncommon in kimberlites and associated mantle xenoliths.Tompkins et al. (1984) reviews occurrences, and describes chlorite from kimberlites in Sierra Leone.They propose that chlorite is formed by relatively low-temperature alteration of phlogopite by a late H 2 O and CO 2 -rich fluid exsolved from kimberlites.Upton et al. (2009) describe chloritic rims around ocelli from a range of Scottish monchiquite/nephelinitic dykes, and ascribe these to separation of a carbonate-rich melt/fluid.A similar effect seems a very plausible process within Loch Roag dyke, and the occurrence of LREE-rich bastna ¨site would be consistent with a carbonatitic melt/fluid.Such LREE-rich fluids may also explain the 'altered' outer zones of xenoliths with high LREE abundances, although the serpentine-oxide-barite assemblage might suggest a more oxidized, and perhaps less CO 2 -rich (perhaps lower temperature) fluid than that responsible for the chlorite-bastna ¨site vein.
The Loch Roag dyke displays clear evidence for at least limited post-magmatic fluid flow in the form of zeolites on some joint planes and lining vesicles (Faithfull et al., 2012).The REE can be mobile in zeolite-facies fluids: ancylite-(Ce) and kainosite-(Y) are found in zeolite-rich veins at Strontian for example (Green and McCallum, 2005).All of these possible origins would imply that the LREE-enriched crusts and veins are synor post-emplacement features, but such processes make it hard to explain the negative Eu anomalies in the LREE-rich zones of the mantle peridotite xenoliths.
'Primary' vs. 'metasomatic' signatures in the SCLM Whole-rock geochemistry involves the homogenization of a xenolith, thus incorporating a variety of silicate, oxide, sulfide and other accessory minerals for a combined analytical result.These data give a composite of the sample mineralogy and must be put into context at an individual mineralogical scale.Olivine and orthopyroxene will only incorporate very low abundances of incompatible lithophile trace elements, while controlling a large proportion of the MgO, FeO, Al 2 O 3 , Ni and Cr whole-rock budget.Orthopyroxene may also regulate a significant component of whole-rock trace-element geochemistry, despite its low overall abundances.Clinopyroxene will incorporate a variety of incompatible lithophile trace elements in significant quantities in addition to CaO, Na 2 O and Cr 2 O 3 .In terms of whole-rock geochemistry, an increase in clinopyroxene abundance correlates with an elevation in Sc and other trace elements (e.g.Fig. 9a) and the composition of SCLM clinopyroxene may be sensitive to magmatic and/ or metasomatic events.
Clinopyroxenes from Rinibar and Streap Com'laidh reported in Bonadiman et al. (2008) are spongy in texture, with inclusions of other clinopyroxenes, olivine and spinel.From the trace-element composition of these 'spongy' clinopyroxenes, we support the interpretation of Bonadiman et al. (2008) that they are secondary and probably metasomatic in origin.Similar 'spongy' clinopyroxene textures with olivine and chromite inclusions occur in Loch Roag green clinopyroxenite xenoliths (LR84 and LR100).The LA-ICP-MS trace-element results correspond closely with those from Bonadiman et al. (2008).In particular, chondrite-normalized REE patterns of their metasomatic pyroxenes display characteristic convex LREE patterns with Ce N enriched over La N matching the LR84 and LR100 clinopyroxenes (e.g.Fig. 12d and g).Using (Gd/Lu) N as a proxy for kimberlite vs. carbonatite metasomatic clinopyroxene (the former having high (Gd/Lu) N >2.5, and the latter with low (Gd/Lu) N <2.5 based on Bonadiman et al., 2008), we suggest that the 'spongy' clinopyroxenes of Loch Roag formed during a carbonatite-related metasomatic event and supports isotopic evidence from Long et al. (1991) which cited timeintegrated Nd-isotopes as recording carbonatiterelated metasomatism at ~2.4 Ga.Other metasomatic influxes are indicated across the Hebridean and Northern Highland terranes.For example, Sr-Nd isotopic compositions from metasomatic clinopyroxenes indicate an overprinting event for Rinibar at 550 Ô 50 Ma (Bonadiman et al., 2008) À prior to both Iapetus oceanic subduction and any possible melt/fluid mobilization associated with the initiation of the Great Glen Fault.
By contrast, we suggest that the comparatively homogeneous clinopyroxenes in spinel lherzolites from Loch Roag (e.g.LR80) and Rinibar (see Fig. 12) are of primary origin.Texturally, these clinopyroxenes are part of a protogranular to subequigranular suite of peridotites, and do not contain granular mineral inclusions of any type.
Their trace-element compositions are distinct from the metasomatic clinopyroxene compositions discussed previously.For instance, (La/Sm) N in 'primary' clinopyroxene is somewhat counterintuitively elevated by more than 5 to 10 times above that of the metasomatic compositions (Fig. 13a).Primary clinopyroxenes also have comparatively low Y and Cr concentrations (Fig. 13d and f) and substantial enrichment in U and Th (Fig. 12a and f).Hence, these 'primary' pyroxenes represent the original cratonic clinopyroxene prevalent at the Scottish margin of the NAC, although some aspects of their geochemistry may since have been modified cryptically, as discussed later.
The Hf-Zr systematics of clinopyroxenes in the Scottish peridotite xenoliths are highly variable (Figs 12 and 13c).In our study, 'metasomatic' clinopyroxenes from LR84 and LR100 have Zr and Hf concentrations elevated to more than 10 times that of the primitive mantle and (Zr/Hf) N ratios 41.5.Crucially these clinopyroxenes also have very elevated Cr contents, a feature well documented in other 'metasomatic' mantle clinopyroxenes across the world (e.g.Lloyd et al., 1991;Gysi et al., 2011).By contrast, 'primary' Rinibar (R2) and Loch Roag (LR80) clinopyroxenes have severely decoupled Zr and Hf, with (Zr/Hf) N ranging from 2À50 (Fig. 13), as a result of enrichment in Zr, with Hf N typically ~1 (Fig. 12).The 'metasomatic' pyroxenes from Rinibar (Bonadiman et al., 2008) have similarly decoupled Zr and Hf in carbonatite-associated phases, as in our 'primary' pyroxenes, but kimberlite-associated metasomatic pyroxenes have elevated Hf N more akin to Loch Roag metasomatic types.Streap Com'laidh clinopyroxenes from Bonadiman et al. (2008) have similar (Zr/Hf) N ratios as in 'primary' Loch Roag (LR80), but the characteristic convex LREE pattern of modal metasomatic phases, and substantially lower Th and U concentrations.Downes et al. (2015) recently investigated the Zr and Hf composition of clinopyroxenes from French and Polish spinel peridotite mantle xenoliths.Initial extensive partial melting of primitive mantle removed both Zr and Hf, but these extreme depletions are rarely identified in mantle xenoliths globally.Modelling of Hf depletion in clinopyroxenes from the French Massif Central has suggested this results from up to 30% partial melting in the spinel peridotite stability field (Wittig et al., 2006).In their study, Downes et al. (2015) identified metasomatism in clinopyroxenes by the substantial elevation of either Zr abundances only, or both Zr and Hf, depending on the metasomatizing agent (i.e. a subduction-related fluid, alkaline silicate melt, or carbonatite).
Taking into account the study of Downes et al. (2015) and the other distinct trace-element characteristics of each xenolith-clinopyroxene population (e.g.Th, U, Nb, Ta and LREE patterns), we suggest that the spongy metasomatic clinopyroxenes of Loch Roag (e.g.LR84, LR100) demonstrate the modal metasomatic record of lithospheric mantle.Both Zr N and Hf N are elevated in secondary pyroxenes to >106PUM whereas 'primary' clinopyroxenes may record secondary cryptic metasomatism, revealed by a substantial elevation in Zr N over Hf N (e.g.Rinibar, sample R2) with Hf N remaining at 41.5 primitive mantle concentrations.Based on the similarity of LREE, U and Th abundances to 'primary' Rinibar compositions, this explanation may therefore be extended to 'primary' Loch Roag clinopyroxenes (i.e.LR80).Thus 'primary' clinopyroxene compositions may largely record initial subcratonic lithospheric geochemistry, however certain high field-strength elements, widely regarded as 'immobile' (e.g.Pearce, 1996), may record significant cryptic geochemical evidence of subsequent modification.Importantly, the absence of a true depletion in Hf N in 'primary' clinopyroxenes of both suites, suggests that no severe partial melting event(s) are recorded in the spinel lherzolites from the Scottish portion of the NAC SCLM.
The Scottish xenoliths enable us to understand the SCLM record.Xenoliths in Loch Roag are entrained in an Eocene-aged dyke, emplaced at the end of the magmatism recorded in the UK during the Palaeogene impingement of the Icelandic mantle plume under western Scotland.By contrast the Rinibar xenoliths were entrained in a Permo-Carboniferous dyke and predate the effects of the Icelandic plume.Given the timescale between cratonization of the NAC and the Permo-Carboniferous entrainment (and thus isolation) of the Rinibar xenoliths (in the order of billions of years) vs. the timescale between isolation of the Rinibar and Loch Roag xenoliths (~250 Myr), it seems sensible to suggest that they document a prolonged Archaean and Proterozoic history at the margin of the NAC SCLM, rather than subsequent Phanerozoic events.Therefore similarities in clinopyroxene (and other mineralogical) compositions are unlikely to be coin-cidental.Loch Roag spinel lherzolites probably record ancient lithospheric shallow mantle compositions (although not notably depleted relative to PUM À e.g.Al 2 O 3 ) and have not been substantially reset, destroyed or recrystallized during the Palaeogene plume event.A new study investigating the common similarities between Loch Roag spinel lherzolite traceelement compositions and that of the Scourie Dyke Swarm (erupted during an extensional tectonic event in the Palaeoproterozoic) highlighted that, despite their Eocene entrainment age, the lithospheric mantle as represented by the Loch Roag xenoliths retained bulk geochemical features that are important to the geochemistry of the 2.4 Ga Scourie Dyke magmas (Hughes et al., 2014) including their apparent enrichment in Cu.In short, upper mantle of similar/the same composition to that of xenolith LR80 was partially melted during the Palaeoproterozoic, and fed magmas (predominantly sourced in the lithospheric mantle) which ultimately formed the Scourie Dyke Swarm (Hughes et al., 2014).Combined, these are essential observations for further investigations into the cratonic, or marginal cratonic, lithospheric mantle's geochemistry and metal abundances, and for understanding whether these xenoliths record a 'primary' metal enrichment as part of the ancient SCLM keel.

Conclusions
(1) According to major-element abundances, spinel lherzolite xenoliths from the Scottish margin of the NAC show no evidence of severe depletion, unlike xenoliths from the Greenlandic NAC.
(2) Cerium carbonate (bastna ¨site) has been discovered in a Loch Roag clinopyroxene-rich mantle peridotite, however the provenance of this mineral is likely to be a secondary lowertemperature (hydrothermal?) event and not associated with the lithospheric mantle itself.Overall we highlight the importance of petrography, particularly for accessory minerals, before whole-rock geochemical or isotopic analyses, in order to put the main controls on metal abundance into context.
(3) Copper abundances in the spinel lherzolites of Loch Roag are extremely enriched and are elevated above cratonic or Archaean-Proterozoic mantle peridotite compositions worldwide, currently available in the published literature.Specifically this is an enrichment in sulfide and Cu associated with a melt/fluid event although the timing is poorly constrained (pre-Phanerozoic).
(4) Clinopyroxene compositions from Rinibar and Loch Roag have characteristic features including depletions in Nb, Ta and Ti, and clinopyroxenes formed from metasomatic events can be identified by enriched LREE such that Ce is enriched over La (on chondrite-normalized diagrams) and elevated Cr content.Cryptic 'refertilization' or metasomatism of 'primary' clinopyroxenes can be identified by decoupling of Zr from Hf, such that Zr becomes enriched.The lack of true Hf depletion in these 'primary' clinopyroxenes suggests that the xenoliths have not undergone severe partial melting.
(5) We use clinopyroxene compositions, in context with accessory mineral occurrences, to suggest that the Scottish NAC margin has not undergone recent Phanerozoic melting or refertilization, despite the proximity of the Icelandic mantle plume during the Palaeogene opening of the Atlantic.Further, similarities in trace-element systematics between the Loch Roag spinel lherzolites and Palaeoproterozoic Scourie Dyke Swarm (Hughes et al., 2014) would suggest that these xenoliths represent the composition of shallow mantle that is at least Palaeoproterozoic in age.As such, we suggest that the whole-rock REE and other trace-element abundances in these xenoliths (e.g.Cu) represent either the original cratonic composition or ancient metasomatized Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic compositions, and that the green clinopyroxenites from Loch Roag may represent a different, more recent volatilerich or metasomatic event.

FIG. 5 .
FIG. 5. Rinibar BSE SEM images.(a) Micron-scale pentlandite globules associated with serpentinized olivine (sample E19).(b) Image showing the edge of the xenolith in contact with the host dyke.The dyke consists of finely crystalline orthoclase, biotite and ilmenite and has a sharp contact with the xenolith.The inner portion of the xenolith (top of image) has widespread anastomosing fractures (serpentine and talc filled) but a melted and 'annealed' zone (free of fractures) sits in contact with the dyke (sample R2).(c) Clinopyroxene with a parallel set of serpentine and talc-filled fractures.Note the chromite lamellae throughout clinopyroxene, orthogonal to the fractures.Chromite lamellae are cross-cut by the fractures (sample R2).(d) Melt pocket consisting of chromite (with a very fine granular rim) and clinopyroxene with interstitial plagioclase and orthoclase feldspars.Serpentinized olivine on the right hand side of the image is protogranular.Mineral abbreviations: olivine (Ol), serpentine (Serp), clinopyroxene (CPX), dolomite (Dol), magnesite (Mag), plagioclase (Pl), chromite (Chr), apatite (Ap), iron oxides (Fe-ox), orthoclase (Kfs), biotite (Bt), ilmenite (Ilm).

FIG. 7 .
FIG. 7. Cumulative bar chart of modal mineral abundances in xenoliths analysed by whole-rock ICP-OES and ICP-MS.Mineral abundances have been calculated by the CIPWnorm method.

TABLE 1 .
Overview of xenolith localities in this study, including information available in the published literature.

TABLE 2 .
Whole-rock major-(wt.%)andtrace-element(ppm) geochemistry of spinel lherzolite xenoliths analysed during this study.Also presented are the whole-rock compositions for host dykes to the xenoliths.Note that results from Loch Roag marked with (*) have been reported previously inHughes et al. (2014).
Figs 8aÀf, in comparison to published xenolith data from the Greenlandic NAC (western and eastern coasts) and 'primitive upper mantle' (PUM; see figure caption for details).The Al 2 O 3 contents of the Scottish peridotites range from compositions overlapping typical NAC (for Loch

TABLE 3 .
Summary of the results of SEM EDS quantitative analyses and LA-ICP-MS for major-(wt.%)and trace-element (ppm) compositions (respectively) of clinopyroxenes from Loch Roag and Rinibar.