Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection prevention practices that exceed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance: Balancing extra caution against impediments to care

In a survey of infection prevention programs, leaders reported frequent clinical and infection prevention practice modifications to avoid coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exposure that exceeded national guidance. Future pandemic responses should emphasize balanced approaches to precautions, prioritize educational campaigns to manage safety concerns, and generate an evidence-base that can guide appropriate infection prevention practices.

closed November 30, 2020.Responses were restricted to 1 survey per hospital.Survey questions evaluated (1) HCP concerns leading to procedure avoidance or delays, (2) modifications in clinical or IP workflows, and (3) PPE-related occupational hazards.Data were aggregated across facilities.Percentages were calculated among respondents for each question.This research was exempt from human subjects review by the UC Irvine Institutional Review Board.

Result
Of 130 programs receiving the survey, responses were received from IP program leaders at 53 US hospitals across 15 states (response rate, 41%).All hospitals provided ICU care and 29 (55%) were academic facilities.By size, 22 facilities (42%) had <200 beds, 14 (26%) had 200-400 beds, and 17 (32%) had >400 beds.Care services for immunocompromised patients were provided by  No. of hospital respondents = 53 for each question unless otherwise stated.c "Ever" composite calculated as sum of response selections of "a few times," "sometimes," and "often." 22 facilities (41%) and level 1 trauma care was provided by 11 facilities (21%).Overall, 40 facilities (75%) had experienced a COVID-19 surge by the time of survey completion.
Table 1 summarizes responses to questions regarding procedure avoidance or delays due to HCP concerns about COVID-19 risk.Delays or changes in care delivery resulting in longer hospital lengths of stay were reported by 42 (79%) of 53 facilities.Delays due to preprocedure COVID-19 testing were reported by 46 (87%), with 40 (75%) reporting unexpected cancellations.Also, 37 facilities (70%) reported increases in emergency department (ED) visits due to COVID-19 disruption of routine medical management of chronic conditions (eg, diabetic ketoacidosis or hypertensive urgency).
Almost all IP leaders, 51 (96%) of 53 responding facilities, received requests to increase air exchanges between patients occupying ED or operating rooms; 33 (64%) of 52 facilities received requests to change operative air pressure from positive to negative, and 30 (58%) reported requests for procedure modifications (eg, discouraging intraoperative cauterization due to aerosol concerns).Use of nonrecommended PPE affecting surgical procedure times was reported by 37 (71%) of 52 facilities, and 40 (75%) of 53 facilities reported difficulty completing a procedure due to reduced visibility through face shields or goggles.
Overall, 46 (87%) of 53 responding facilities reported clinician avoidance of both noninvasive respiratory treatments not known to have aerosol transmission risk, such as nebulizers (46 of 53, 87%) and high-flow nasal cannula (36 of 50, 72%), and avoidance of invasive respiratory procedures with known aerosolization risk such as intubation (37 of 52, 71%).On the other hand, 26 (49%) of 53 reported occurrences of early intubation (before definitive need) to reduce exposure risks through mechanical ventilation.Use of "intubation boxes" (ie, clear plastic barriers around a patient's head to protect HCP from respiratory secretions) was reported by 22 (43%) of 51 facilities, and 11 (50%) of these 22 reported universal use for all patients regardless of COVID-19 status.Among facilities using intubation boxes, 13 (59%) of 22 reported difficulty performing intubation or code-blue procedures (4 of 22, 18%).

Discussion
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, HCP concerns about COVID-19 exposure resulted in broad application of overly cautious practices without differentiation between high-or low-exposure activities.Although pandemic responses necessitated changes in hospital operations (eg, cancelling nonurgent surgeries) to accommodate COVID-19 patients and HCP provided lifesaving care to innumerable patients, our results show that concerns about transmission risk added to procedure delays, cancellations, modifications, and unnecessary PPE use, adversely affecting HCP physical well-being and patient care delivery.
Procedural delays and unexpected cancellations were reported across a wide spectrum of transmission risk, including among those with minimal respiratory transmission risk.4][5][6] Preprocedural testing contributed to care delays in large numbers of patients, most of whom did not have COVID-19. 7Although clinical circumstances can warrant delaying surgery due to COVID-19, positive tests often resulted in reflexive cancellations despite the fact that positive PCRs often indicate convalescent disease and that many surgeries can be safely performed with appropriate PPE.This strategy has remained active in many facilities despite lower frequency and severity of COVID-19 in the postvaccine era and despite highly effective IP protocols. 8oncerns about aerosolization were similarly pervasive and included avoidance of noninvasive respiratory treatments not known to produce infectious aerosols.Standardized definitions of AGPs that constitute true pathogen transmission risk are needed to prevent exposure concerns from driving broader definitions that could have had untoward consequences.In addition, studies demonstrating real-world effectiveness of PPE and standardized IP processes are needed so that pandemic scenarios do not potentiate unnecessary fear and actions to avoid exposures.
The use of "extra" prevention practices beyond evidence-based strategies can undermine current standards for high-quality, safe patient care and the invaluable HCP care provided in the setting of a pandemic. 9,10Our findings of clinical practice modifications suggested that HCP concern about COVID-19 exposure superseded adherence to well-vetted clinical and IP guidelines.We also found that extra PPE layers compromised HCP visibility, mobility, and function with unintended effects on both patient care and HCP health.Investments in HCP education on IP concepts to reduce harms that can inadvertently arise from overuse of precautions are needed.
This study had several limitations.The survey design captured anecdotal experience from a convenience sample of US hospital IP leaders.We did not assess the persistence of these early pandemic experiences, and emotional drivers of such experiences were inferred.a "Ever" is the composite calculated as sum of response selections of "a few times," "sometimes," and "often."b Percentages calculated among total respondents for each question. b

Table 1 .
Healthcare Personnel Concerns Leading to Procedure Avoidance or Delays a D. During the COVID-19 pandemic, how often did you hear about concerns from your healthcare personnel about aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) resulting in avoidance of E. Does your facility use intubation boxes (clear plastic box placed around patient's head as an extra barrier against airway secretions)?(N=51) a Percentages calculated among total respondents for each question.

Table 2 .
Occupational Hazards Related to Personal Protective EquipmentHow often have you heard about the following occurring in workers using personal protective equipment?Note.CO 2 , carbon dioxide; N95, facepiece respirator capable of filtering at least 95% of airborne particles; PPE, personal protective equipment.