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Contagious ecthyma: how serious is the disease worldwide?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2021

Zaharaddeen Lawan ,
Jamilu Abubakar Bala ,
Alhaji Modu Bukar ,
Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan ,
Hassana Kyari Mangga ,
Faez Firdaus Jesse Abdullah ,
Mustapha Mohamed Noordin  and
Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi Open the ORCID record for Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi [Opens in a new window]
Zaharaddeen Lawan
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic Kazaure, Jigawa State, P.M.B. 5004, Kazaure, Nigeria
Jamilu Abubakar Bala*
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
Alhaji Modu Bukar
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1070, Rampoly Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Hassana Kyari Mangga
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
Faez Firdaus Jesse Abdullah
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Mustapha Mohamed Noordin
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi*
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
*
Author for correspondence: Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila, Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: azmi@upm.edu.my, azmilila@gmail.com and Jamilu Abubakar Bala, E-mail: jabala.mls@buk.edu.ng, jamiluwudil@yahoo.com
Author for correspondence: Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila, Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: azmi@upm.edu.my, azmilila@gmail.com and Jamilu Abubakar Bala, E-mail: jabala.mls@buk.edu.ng, jamiluwudil@yahoo.com
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Abstract

Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an infectious disease of small ruminants caused by a parapoxvirus of family Poxviridae subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. The disease is obviously distinguished by an establishment of scabby lesions and ulcerative formation on less hairy areas including muzzle, ears, nostril, and sometimes on genitalia. The disease is endemic in sheep and goats. The virus is transmissible to other ruminants and is a public health concern in humans. Although the disease is known as self-limiting, it may cause a significant economic threat and financial losses due to lower productivity in livestock production. Information with regard to the risk of the disease and epidemiology in most parts of the world is underreported. This paper aims to provide relevant information about the epidemiology of CE in selected regions of Europe, South America, North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. An in-depth comprehension of virus infection, diagnoses, and management of the disease will enable farmers, researchers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, health personnel, and border controllers to improve their measures, skills, and effectiveness toward disease prevention and control, toward reducing unnecessary economic loss among farmers. A herd health program for significant improvement in management and productivity of livestock demands a well planned extension program that ought to encourage farmers to equip themselves with adequate skills for animal healthcare.

Keywords

Bio securitycontagious ecthymaepidemiologypublic healthworldwide
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , June 2021 , pp. 40 - 55
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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