Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T15:27:36.768Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Law's Presence, Law's Absence: Reporting Stories of Employment Discrimination in the Academy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2018

Susan Sterett
Susan Sterett*
Affiliation:
University of Maryland Baltimore County
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Discussing employment problems in universities enacts an information asymmetry that has recently highlighted sexual harassment as a legal wrong while dampening other potential descriptions of reasons for disparities. Defining sexual harassment as unwanted sexual attention both understates and overstates problems at work, not least because it is not an issue for all women. This focus contrasts with books that popularized other kinds of barriers at work for women just a few years earlier. The stories about sexual harassment contrast with systematic evidence concerning reasons for disadvantage at work, which is less easy to tell as a story with characters, events, and a time line. In this instance, law, along with university leaders’ willingness to publicly act on claims, has proven productive of complaints that women have been reluctant to make since the Office of Civil Rights issued a “Dear Colleague Letter” in 2011 addressing sexual assault in higher education. This article draws on the Chronicle of Higher Education’s reports of discrimination. It concludes by arguing for proliferating stories, motivated by lessons from systematic research, even if law is not a remedy.

Type
Research Article
Information
Politics & Gender , Volume 14 , Issue 3 , September 2018 , pp. 512 - 551
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I am grateful to reviewers of previous versions of this manuscript and to the editors. Discussions with Jennifer Diascro, Jeannine Bell, Judith Grant, Loan Le, Lee Walker, and many others have also informed this article. Lorita Daniels gathered news reports and coded. Laura Mateczun and Rebecca Postowski also assisted. The University of Cape Town's Center for Law and Society hosted a visit, courtesy as well of the Fulbright Specialists program, that allowed me to revise this manuscript. Carol Mershon and Denise Walsh's project on advancing women in political science provoked thoughts about law and advancement. Finally, the National Science Foundation (grant #1643084) provided some support.

References

REFERENCES

Acker, Joan. 1989. Doing Comparable Worth: Gender, Class, and Pay Equity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Ackerly, Brooke A. 2014. “Developing Experience, Networks, and Capacities: Leadership as Practiced in Feminist Human Rights Activism.” Politics & Gender 10 (3): 455–64.Google Scholar
Alcoff, Linda Martin, ed. 2003. Singing in the Fire: Stories of Women in Philosophy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Alexander-Floyd, Nikol G. 2010. “Critical Race Black Feminism: A ‘Jurisprudence of Resistance’ and the Transformation of the Academy.” Signs: Journal of Women in Society 35 (4): 810–20.Google Scholar
Alexander-Floyd, Nikol G. 2015. “Women of Color, Space Invaders, and Political Science: Practical Strategies for Transforming Institutional Practices.” PS: Political Science & Politics 48 (3): 464–68.Google Scholar
Altheide, David L., and Schneider, Christopher J.. 2013. Qualitative Media Analysis. Los Angeles: Sage.Google Scholar
American Association of University Women (AAUW) Educational Foundation. 2004. Tenure Denied: Cases of Sex Discrimination in Academia. Washington, DC: AAUW.Google Scholar
Andersen, Ellen Ann. 2016. “Unruly Bodies: My Life as an Academic with Disabilities.” The New West (blog), August 31. https://thewpsa.wordpress.com/2016/08/31/unruly-bodies-my-life-as-an-academic-with-disabilities/ (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Anonymous. 2014. “No Shortcuts to Gender Equality: The Structures of Women's Exclusion in Political Science.” Politics & Gender 10 (3): 437–47.Google Scholar
Antecol, Heather, Bedard, Kelly, and Stearns, Jenna. 2016. “Equal but Inequitable: Who Benefits from Gender-Neutral Tenure Clock Stopping Policies?” Discussion Paper 9904, Institute of Labor Economics. http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=9904 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
American Political Science Association (APSA) Task Force. 2011. “Political Science in the Twenty-First Century.” http://www.apsanet.org/portals/54/Files/Task%20Force%20Reports/TF_21st%20Century_AllPgs_webres90.pdf (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Babcock, Linda, and Laschever, Sara. 2007. Women Don't Ask: The High Cost of Avoiding Negotiation—and Positive Strategies for Change. New York: Bantam.Google Scholar
Baker, Carrie N. 2008. The Women's Movement against Sexual Harassment. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ball, David M. 2014. “What Are Your Terms?” Inside Higher Ed, March 19. https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2014/03/19/essay-implications-rescinded-nazareth-college-faculty-job-offer (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Bastian, Hilda. 2016. “This Is How Research Gender-Bias Bias Works.” PLOS One Blog, September 2. http://blogs.plos.org/blog/2016/09/02/this-is-how-research-gender-bias-bias-works/ (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Beaulieu, Emily, Boydstun, Amber E., Brown, Nadia E., Dionne, Kim Ye, Gillespie, Andra, Klar, Samara, Krupnikov, Yannna, Michelson, Melissa R., Searles, Kathleen, and Wolbrecht, Christina. 2017. “Women Also Know Stuff: Meta-level Mentoring to Battle Gender Bias in Political Science.” PS: Political Science & Politics 50 (3): 779–83.Google Scholar
Beaulieu, Emily, Boydstun, Amber E., Dionne, Kim Yi, Klar, Samara, Krupnikov, Yannna, Michelson, Melissa R., Searles, Kathleen, and Wolbrecht, Christina. 2016. “Here's a List of Smart Women Political Scientists. They Know Stuff, Too.” Washington Post, February 11. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/11/heres-a-list-of-smart-women-political-scientists-they-know-stuff-too/?utm_term=.ab7b5a9ead3e (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Beckwith, Karen. 2015a. “Narratives of Defeat: Explaining the Effects of Loss in Social Movements.” Journal of Politics 77 (1): 2–13.Google Scholar
Beckwith, Karen. 2015b. “State, Academy, Discipline: Regendering Political Science.” PS: Political Science & Politics 48 (3): 445–49.Google Scholar
Behl, Natasha. 2016. “Diasporic Researcher: An Autoethnographic Analysis of Gender and Race in Political Science.” Politics, Groups and Identities 5 (4): 580–98.Google Scholar
Benderly, Beryl Lieff. 2016. “Zero Tolerance for Sexual Harassment at NSF and NASA.” Science, February 1. http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2016/02/zero-tolerance-sexual-harassment-nsf-and-nasa (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Benner, Katie. 2017. “Women in Tech Speak Frankly on Culture of Harassment.” New York Times, June 20. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/30/technology/women-entrepreneurs-speak-out-sexual-harassment.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Bennett, W. Lance. 2001. News: The Politics of Illusion. 4th ed. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Berrey, Ellen, Nelson, Robert L., and Nielsen, Laura Beth. 2017. Rights on Trial: How Workplace Discrimination Law Perpetuates Inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bingham, Clara, and Gansler, Laura Leedy. 2002. Class Action: The Story of Lois Jenson and the Landmark Case That Changed Sexual Harassment Law. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Blackstone, Amy, Uggen, Christopher, and McLaughlin, Heather. 2009. “Legal Consciousness and Responses to Sexual Harassment.” Law & Society Review 43 (3): 631–68.Google Scholar
Brown, Sarah. 2016. “When a Faculty Candidate Has Been Investigated for Harassment, What's a Hiring Committee to Do?” Chronicle of Higher Education, February 4. http://www.chronicle.com/article/When-a-Faculty-Candidate-Has/235174 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Bumiller, Kristin. 1988. The Civil Rights Society: The Social Construction of Victims. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Burns, Katelyn. 2017. “How ‘Pussy Hats’ Made Me Feel Excluded — and Then Welcomed — at the Women's March.” The Establishment, January 23. https://theestablishment.co/how-pussy-hats-made-me-feel-excluded-and-then-welcomed-at-the-women-s-march-ef11dae19c54 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Cantalupo, Nancy Chi, and Kidder, William. 2017. “A Systematic Look at a Serial Problem: Sexual Harassment of Students by Faculty.” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1877877 (accessed April 11, 2018).Google Scholar
Charlton, Meghan. 2017. “Pink Cat-Ear Hats, Knitted Solidarity and Women's Rights.” The New West (blog), January 22. https://thewpsa.wordpress.com/2017/01/22/pink-cat-ear-hats-knitted-solidarity-and-womens-rights/ (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Chenoweth, Erica, Fortina, Page, Mitchell, Sara, Savun, Burcu, Weeks, Jessica, and Cunningham, Kathleen. 2016. “How to Get Tenure (If You Are a Woman).” Foreign Policy, April 19. http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/19/how-to-get-tenure-if-youre-a-woman-academia-stephen-walt/ (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Chilly Collective. 1995. Breaking Anonymity: The Chilly Climate for Women Faculty. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.Google Scholar
Chira, Susan, and Einhorn, Catrin. 2017. “How Tough Is It to Change a Culture of Harassment? Just Ask the Women at Ford.” New York Times, December 19. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/19/us/ford-chicago-sexual-harassment.html (accessed April 11, 2018).Google Scholar
Claypool, Vicki Hesli, Janssen, Brian David, Kim, Dongkyu, and Mitchell, Sarah McLaughlin. 2017. “Determinants of Salary Dispersion among Political Science Faculty: The Differential Effects of Where You Work (Institutional Characteristics) and What You Do (Negotiate and Publish).” PS: Political Science & Politics 50 (1): 146–56.Google Scholar
Claypool, Vicki Hesli, and Mershon, Carol. 2016. “Does diversity matter? Evidence from a Survey of Political Science Faculty.” Politics, Groups and Identities 4 (3): 483–98.Google Scholar
Cobble, Dorothy Sue, Gordon, Linda, and Henry, Astrid. 2014. “What ‘Lean In’ Leaves Out.” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 22. http://www.chronicle.com/article/What-Lean-In-Leaves-Out/148843 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle. 1989. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989 (1): 139–67.Google Scholar
Crosby, Faye J. 2017. “Sex Discrimination, Personal Denial, and Collateral Damage.” Social Justice Research 30 (1): 89–105.Google Scholar
Daniels, Cynthia R. 2014. “Transforming a Department, Transforming a Discipline.” Politics & Gender 10 (3): 464–73.Google Scholar
Delgado, Richard, and Stefancic, Jean. 2013. Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
DeSantis, Nick. 2014a. “Six Women in Boulder Philosophy Dept. Warn of Harassment Report's Ill Effects.” Chronicle of Higher Education, February 19. http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/6-women-in-boulder-philosophy-dept-warn-of-harassment-reports-ill-effects/73151 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
DeSantis, Nick. 2014b. “U. of Colorado Removes Philosophy Chair amid Finding of Sex Harassment.” Chronicle of Higher Education, January 31. http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/u-of-colorado-removes-philosophy-chair-amid-finding-of-sex-harassment/72139 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Diascro, Jennifer. 2017. http://jenniferdiascrophd.com (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Edelman, Lauren B. 2016. Working Law: Courts, Corporations and Symbolic Civil Rights. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Edelman, Lauren B., Uggen, Christopher, and Erlanger, Howard S.. 1999. The Endogeneity of Legal Regulation: Grievance Procedures as Rational Myth. American Journal of Sociology 105 (2): 406–54.Google Scholar
Epp, Charles R. 1998. The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Epp, Charles R. 2000. “Exploring the Costs of Administrative Legalization: City Expenditures on Legal Services, 1960–1995.” Law & Society Review 34 (2): 407–30.Google Scholar
Evans, Sara M., and Nelson, Barbara J.. 1989. Wage Justice: The Paradox of Technocratic Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S.. 1995. “Subversive Stories and Hegemonic Tales: Toward a Sociology of Narrative.” Law & Society Review 29 (2): 25–197.Google Scholar
Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S.. 1998. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Farenthold, David A. 2016. “Trump Recorded Having Extremely Lewd Conversation about Women in 2005.” Washington Post, October 8. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html?utm_term=.6c7f23d68b5c (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Farhang, Sean. 2010. The Litigation State: Public Regulation and Private Lawsuits in the U.S. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Felstiner, William L. F., Abel, Richard L., and Sarat, Austin. 1980. “The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming.” Law & Society Review 15 (3–4): 631–54.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, Louise F., Swan, Suzanne, and Fischer, Karla. 1995. “Why Didn't She Just Report Him? The Psychological and Legal Implications of Women's Responses to Sexual Harassment.” Journal of Social Issues 51 (1): 117–38.Google Scholar
Flaherty, Colleen. 2016. “Denied Tenure for Being a Woman?” Inside Higher Ed, September 20. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/09/20/jury-finds-saint-louis-u-denied-tenure-female-professor-based-her-gender (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Flaherty, Colleen. 2017. “‘Holding Space’ for Victims of Harassment.” Inside Higher Ed, December 8. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/12/08/what-can-crowdsourced-survey-sexual-harassment-academia-tell-us-about-problem (accessed April 13, 2018).Google Scholar
Ford, Lynne E. 2016. “Two Steps Forward, One Step Back? Strengthening the Foundations of Women's Leadership in Higher Education.” Politics, Groups and Identities 4 (3): 499–512.Google Scholar
Fuller, Thomas. 2016. “Sexual Harassment Cases Tarnish Berkeley's Image.” New York Times, March 25. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/us/sexual-harassment-cases-tarnish-berkeleys-image-as-a-center-of-social-activism.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Gallop, Jane. 1997. Feminist Accused of Sexual Harassment. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Gelman, Andrew, and Basbøll, Thomas. 2014. “When Do Stories Work? Evidence and Illustration in the Social Sciences.” Sociological Methods & Research 43 (4): 547–70.Google Scholar
Givens, Terri. 2017. “Truths to be Told.” On Diverse Thoughts (blog), April 22. https://blog.terrigivens.com/2017/04/22/truths-to-be-told/ (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Gluckman, Nell. 2018. “An Editor Uses His Journal's Website to Deny Sexual-Misconduct Claims. Scholars Revolt.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 18. https://www.chronicle.com/article/An-Editor-Uses-His-Journal-s/243160?cid=wcontentlist_hp_latest (accessed April 20, 2018).Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia, and Rouse, Cecelia. 2000. “Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female Musicians.” American Economic Review 90 (4): 715–41.Google Scholar
Gurwitch, Annabelle. 2017. “Why I Am Not Marching in a Pink Hat.” New York Times, January 21. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/opinion/presidential-inauguration-2017/whyi-am-not-marching-in-a-pink-hat (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Gutierrez y Muhs, Gabriella, ed. 2012. Presumed Incompetent: The Intersections of Race and Class for Women in Academia. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd, and Cooper, Sandi E.. 1986. “Women's History Goes to Trial: EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck and Company.” Signs 11 (4): 751–79.Google Scholar
Haltom, William, and McCann, Michael. 2004. Distorting the Law: Politics, Media, and the Litigation Crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2007. “Intersectionality as a Normative and Empirical Research Paradigm.” Politics & Gender 3 (2): 248–54.Google Scholar
Hartocollis, Anemona. 2017. “Long after Protests, Students Shun the University of Missouri.” New York Times, July 9. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/09/us/university-of-missouri-enrollment-protests-fallout.html?_r=0 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Hébert, L. Camille. 2007. “Why Don't ‘Reasonable Women’ Complain about Sexual Harassment?” Indiana Law Journal 83: 711–25.Google Scholar
Hero, Rodney. 2015. “Reflections on ‘How Political Science Can Be More Diverse.’” PS: Political Science & Politics 48 (3): 469–71.Google Scholar
Hesli, Vicki L., Lee, Jae Mook, and Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin. 2012. “Predicting Rank Attainment in Political Science: What Else besides Publications Affects Promotion?” PS: Political Science & Politics 45 (3): 475–92.Google Scholar
Heyer, Katharina. 2015. Rights Enabled: The Disability Revolution, from the US, to Germany and Japan, to the United Nations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Hirsch, H. N. 2016. Office Hours: One Academic Life. New Orleans, LA: Quid Pro Books.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Isaac, Mike. 2017. “Uber Founder Travis Kalanick Resigns as C.E.O.” New York Times, June 21. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/21/technology/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto. 1996. “Framing Responsibility for Political Issues.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 546: 59–70.Google Scholar
Jahren, Hope. 2016a. Lab Girl. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Jahren, Hope. 2016b. “She Wanted to Do Her Research. He Wanted to Talk ‘Feelings.’” New York Times, March 4. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/06/opinion/sunday/she-wanted-to-do-her-research-he-wanted-to-talk-feelings.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Jaschik, Scott. 2013. “If Men Do It. …” Inside Higher Ed, August 30. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/08/30/political-scientists-debate-whether-women-field-should-mimic-or-change-men (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Jibrin, Rekia and Salem, Sara. 2015. “Revisiting Intersectionality: Reflections on Theory and Praxis.” Trans-scripts 5. http://sites.uci.edu/transscripts/files/2014/10/2015_5_salem.pdf (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Jordan-Zachery, Julia S. 2008. Black Women, Cultural Images, and Social Policy. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
June, Audrey Williams. 2015. “Despite Progress, Only 1 in 4 College Presidents Are Women.” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 16. http://www.chronicle.com/article/Despite-Progress-Only-1-in-4/228473 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Kagan, Robert A. 2009. Adversarial Legalism: The American Way of Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kantor, Jodi and Twohey, Megan. 2017. “Harvey Weinstein Paid Off Sexual Harassment Accusers for Decades.” The New York Times, October 5. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/us/harvey-weinstein-harassment-allegations.html (accessed April 20, 2018).Google Scholar
Kenney, Sally J. 2013. Gender and Justice: Why Women in the Judiciary Really Matter. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kipnis, Laura. 2015. “Sexual Paranoia Strikes Academe.” Chronicle of Higher Education, February 27. http://www.chronicle.com/article/Sexual-Paranoia-Strikes/190351 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Kipnis, Laura. 2017. Unwanted Advances: Sexual Paranoia Comes to Campus. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Kittilson, Miki Caul. 2015. “Advancing Women in Political Science: Navigating Gendered Structures of Opportunity.” PS: Political Science & Politics 48 (3): 450–53.Google Scholar
LaNoue, George, and Lee, Barbara A.. 1987. Academics in Court: The Consequences of Faculty Discrimination Litigation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Leahey, Erin. 2007. “Not by Productivity Alone: How Visibility and Specialization Contribute to Academic Earnings.” American Sociological Review 72 (4): 533–61.Google Scholar
Ledbetter, Lilly. 2018. “My #MeToo Moment.” New York Times, April 9. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/09/opinion/lilly-ledbetter-metoo-equal-pay.html (accessed April 11, 2018).Google Scholar
Leiter, Brian. 2016. “Academic Ethics: What Should We Do with Sexual Harassers in Academe?” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 19. http://www.chronicle.com/article/Academic-Ethics-What-Should/237821?cid=rc_right (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Levin, Sam. 2017. “Sexual Harassment: Documents Show How University of California Faculty Target Students.” The Guardian, March 8. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/08/sexual-harassment-university-california-faculty-target-students (accessed April 13, 2018).Google Scholar
Levitsky, Sandra R. 2008. “‘What Rights?’ The Construction of Political Claims to American Health Care Entitlements.” Law & Society Review 42 (3): 551–90.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catherine A. 1979. Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Marshall, Anna-Maria. 2005. Confronting Sexual Harassment: The Law and Politics of Everyday Life. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McClain, Paula D., Ayee, Gloria Y. A., Means, Taneisha N., Reyes-Barriéntez, Alicia M., and Sediqe, Nura A.. 2016. “Race, Power, and Knowledge: Tracing the Roots of Exclusion in the Development of Political Science in the United States.” Politics, Groups and Identities 4 (3): 467–82.Google Scholar
Mershon, Carol, and Walsh, Denise. 2014. “Introduction.” Politics & Gender 10 (3): 432–37.Google Scholar
Mershon, Carol, and Walsh, Denise. 2015. “Introduction: How Political Science Can Be More Diverse.” PS: Political Science and Politics 48 (3): 441–44.Google Scholar
Mershon, Carol, and Walsh, Denise. 2016. “Diversity in Political Science: Why It Matters and How to Get It.” Politics, Groups and Identities 4 (3): 462–66.Google Scholar
Miller, Claire C. 2015. “Is the Professor Bossy or Brilliant? Much Depends on Gender.” New York Times, February 6. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/07/upshot/is-the-professor-bossy-or-brilliant-much-depends-on-gender.html?abt=0002&abg=0 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Mink, Gwendolyn. 2000. Hostile Environment: The Political Betrayal of Sexually Harassed Women. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, and Hesli, Vicki L.. 2013. “Women Don't Ask? Women Don't Say No? Bargaining and Service in the Political Science Profession.” PS: Political Science & Politics 46 (2): 355–69.Google Scholar
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade, Russo, Ann, and Torres, Lourdes, eds. 1991. Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, Phoebe A. 1999. “Risking Relationships: Understanding the Litigation Choices of Sexually Harassed Women.” Law & Society Review 33 (1): 67–93.Google Scholar
Morrison, Toni, and Higginbotham, A. Leon, eds. 1992. Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Mytelka, Andrew. 2016. “4 Professors Involved in Philosophy Brawl Find Feces in Their Mail.” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 7. http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/4-professors-involved-in-philosophy-brawl-find-feces-in-their-mail/114963 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Nelson, Robert L., and Bridges, William P.. 1999. Legalizing Gender Inequality: Courts, Markets, and Unequal Pay for Women in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Robert L., Nielsen, Laura Beth, Lancaster, Ryon, Donohue, John III, and Siegelman, Peter. Various dates. Employment Discrimination Litigation. American Bar Foundation. http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/research/project/45 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
O'Brien, Ruth, ed. 2008. Telling Stories Out of Court: Narratives about Women and Workplace Discrimination. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Office of Civil Rights, Office of the Assistant Secretary (OCR). 2011. “Dear Colleague Letter.” https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201104.html (accessed March 15, 2018). [PDF in author's possession.]Google Scholar
Patel, Vimal. 2016. “Diversifying a Discipline.” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 27. http://www.chronicle.com/article/Diversifying-a-Discipline/235851 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Pierson, Emma. 2014. “In Science, It Matters That Women Come Last.” FiveThirtyEight, August 5. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/in-science-it-matters-that-women-come-last/ (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Pollack, Eileen. 2013. “Why Are There Still So Few Women in Science?” New York Times, October 3. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/magazine/why-are-there-still-so-few-women-in-science.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Pollack, Eileen. 2015. “What Really Keeps Women Out of Tech.” New York Times, October 10. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/opinion/sunday/what-really-keeps-women-out-of-tech.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
The Precariat and the Professor (blog). 2017. https://theprecariatandtheprofessor.wordpress.com/ (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Quinn, Beth A. 2000. “The Paradox of Complaining: Law, Humor and Harassment in the Everyday Work World.” Law & Social Inquiry 25 (4): 1151–85.Google Scholar
Rask, Kevin. 2010. “Attrition in STEM Fields at a Liberal Arts College: The Importance of Grades and Pre-collegiate Preferences.” Economics of Education Review 29 (6): 892–900.Google Scholar
Rask, Kevin, and Tiefenthaler, Jill. 2008. “The Role of Grade Sensitivity in Explaining the Gender Imbalance in Undergraduate Economics.” Economics of Education Review 27 (6): 676–87.Google Scholar
Remnick, Noah. 2016. “After a Professor Is Cleared of Sexual Harassment, Critics Fear ‘Culture of Silence’ at Yale.” New York Times, July 7. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/nyregion/a-yale-professor-is-cleared-of-sexual-harassment-but-concerns-linger.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Gerald N. 2008. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring about Social Change? 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Saguy, Abigail. 2003. What Is Sexual Harassment? From Capitol Hill to the Sorbonne. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Sandberg, Sheryl. 2013. Lean In. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Sandberg, Sheryl, and Grant, Adam. 2014. “When Talking about Bias Backfires.” New York Times, December 6. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/07/opinion/sunday/adam-grant-and-sheryl-sandberg-on-discrimination-at-work.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Sandberg, Sheryl, and Grant, Adam. 2015a. “How Men Can Succeed in the Boardroom and the Bedroom.” New York Times, March 5. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/opinion/sunday/sheryl-sandberg-adam-grant-how-men-can-succeed-in-the-boardroom-and-the-bedroom.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Sandberg, Sheryl, and Grant, Adam. 2015b. “Madam C.E.O., Get Me a Coffee.” New York Times, February 6. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/08/opinion/sunday/sheryl-sandberg-and-adam-grant-on-women-doing-office-housework.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Sandberg, Sheryl, and Grant, Adam. 2015c. “Speaking While Female.” New York Times, January 12. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/opinion/sunday/speaking-while-female.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Sandberg, Sheryl, and Grant, Adam. 2016. “The Myth of the Catty Woman.” New York Times, June 23. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/opinion/sunday/sheryl-sandberg-on-the-myth-of-the-catty-woman.html?_r=0 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Sarsons, Heather. 2016. “Recognition for Group Work.” http://scholar.harvard.edu/sarsons/publications/note-gender-differences-recognition-group-work (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Savelsberg, Joachim J., and King, Ryan D.. 2011. American Memories: Atrocities and the Law. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Schatz, Edward, ed. 2009. Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schram, Sanford F., and Niessler, Phillip T., eds. 1997. Tales of the State: Narrative in Contemporary U.S. Politics and Public Policy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Schuessler, Jennifer. 2013. “A Star Philosopher Falls, and a Debate Over Sexism Is Set Off.” New York Times, August 3. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/arts/colin-mcginn-philosopher-to-leave-his-post.html?mcubz=0 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Schultz, Vicki. 1990. “Telling Stories about Women and Work: Judicial Interpretations of Sex Segregation in the Workplace in Title VII Cases Raising the Lack of Interest Argument.” Harvard Law Review 103: 1749–1853.Google Scholar
Schultz, Vicki. 1998. “Reconceptualizing Sexual Harassment.” Yale Law Journal 107: 1683–1795.Google Scholar
Schultz, Vicki. 2003. “The Sanitized Workplace.” Yale Law Journal 112: 2061–2196.Google Scholar
Schultz, Vicki, and Petterson, Stephen. 1992. “Race, Gender, Work and Choice: An Empirical Study of the Lack of Interest Defense in Title VII Cases Challenging Job Segregation.” University of Chicago Law Review 59: 1073–1181.Google Scholar
Schuman, Rebecca. 2014. “The Tenure Take Back.” Slate, March 18. http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/03/nazareth_college_revoked_a_job_offer_when_a_candidate_tried_to_negotiate.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Schwartz, Joanna C. 2010. “Myths and Mechanics of Deterrence: The Role of Lawsuits in Law Enforcement Decisionmaking.” UCLA Law Review 57: 1023–95.Google Scholar
Schwartz-Shea, Peregrine, and Yanow, Dvora. 2012. Interpretive Research Design: Concepts and Processes. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Silbey, Susan S. 2005. “After Legal Consciousness.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 1: 323–68.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Gordon. 2009. Law's Allure: How Law Shapes, Constrains and Kills Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sinclair-Chapman, Valeria. 2015. “Leveraging Diversity in Political Science for Institutional and Disciplinary Change.” PS: Political Science & Politics 48 (3): 454–58.Google Scholar
Sjoberg, Laura. 2016. “Women Shouldn't Need Different Guidelines for Achieving Tenure (And Other Observations on Gendered Academe).” Relations International (blog), May 12. http://relationsinternational.com/women-shouldnt-need-different-guidelines-achieving-tenure-observations-gendered-academe/ (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Slaughter, Anne-Marie. 2015. Unfinished Business: Women, Men, Work, Family. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Smooth, Wendy G. 2016. Intersectionality and Women's Advancement in the Discipline and across the Academy. Politics, Groups and Identities 4 (3): 513–28.Google Scholar
Srivistava, Sanjay. 2016. “Don't Change Your Family-Friendly Tenure Extension Policy Just Yet.” The Hardest Science (blog), June 28. https://hardsci.wordpress.com/2016/06/28/dont-change-your-family-friendly-tenure-extension-policy-just-yet/ (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Stambaugh, Phoebe Morgan. 1997. “The Power of Law and the Sexual Harassment Complaints of Women.” NWSA Journal 9 (2): 23–42.Google Scholar
Steel, Emily, and Chokshi, Niraj. 2017. “Fox News Besieged by New Bias Lawsuit and Federal Inquiry.” New York Times, May 4. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/business/media/fox-news-lawsuit-gender-discrimination-sky-takeover.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Sterling, Joyce S., and Reichman, Nancy. 2014. “Overlooked and Undervalued: Women in Private Law Practice.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 12: 373–93.Google Scholar
Stockman, Farah. 2017. “Women's March on Washington Opens Contentious Dialogues about Race.” New York Times, January 9. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/us/womens-march-on-washington-opens-contentious-dialogues-about-race.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Teele, Dawn Langan, and Thelen, Kathleen. 2017. “Gender in the Journals: Publication Patterns in Political Science.” PS: Political Science & Politics 50 (2): 433–47.Google Scholar
Thomason, Andy. 2016. “At UCLA, Anger Builds over Pending Return of a Professor Accused of Harassment.” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 3. http://chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/anger-builds-over-pending-return-of-a-professor-accused-of-harassment/109119 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Vagianos, Alanna. 2017. “The ‘Me Too’ Campaign Was Created By A Black Woman 10 Years Ago.” Huffington Post, October 17. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-me-too-campaign-was-created-by-a-black-woman-10-years-ago_us_59e61a7fe4b02a215b336fee (accessed April 20, 2018).Google Scholar
Voosen, Paul. 2016. “The Subtle Ways Gender Gaps Persist in Science.” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 6. http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Subtle-Ways-Gender-Gaps/235598 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Wang, Amy B. 2017. “Maxine Waters Swings Back at Bill O'Reilly: ‘I'm a Strong Black Woman and I Cannot Be Intimidated.’” Washington Post, March 28. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/03/28/bill-oreilly-compared-a-black-congresswomans-hair-to-a-james-brown-wig/?utm_term=.bd8addcae53d (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Wemple, Erik. 2016. “Fox News Has Settled Gretchen Carlson's Sexual Harassment Suit for $20 Million.” Washington Post, September 6. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/09/06/fox-news-has-settled-gretchen-carlsons-sexual-harassment-suit-for-20-million/?utm_term=.eb263e842650 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
White, Deborah Gray, ed. 2008. Telling Histories: Black Women Historians in the Ivory Tower. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Wendy M., and Ceci, Stephen. 2014. “Academic Science Isn't Sexist.” New York Times, October 31. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/02/opinion/sunday/academic-science-isnt-sexist.html?_r=0 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Wilson, Robin. 2014. “In Sex-Harassment Cases, No One Is Happy with Colleges’ Response.” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 12.Google Scholar
Wilson, Robin. 2015a. “Female Astronomers: Outsiders in Their Field.” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 22. http://www.chronicle.com/article/Female-Astronomers-Outsiders/234298 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Wilson, Robin. 2015b. “For Northwestern, the Kipnis Case Is Painful and Personal.” Chronicle of Higher Education., June 4. http://www.chronicle.com/article/For-Northwestern-the-Kipnis/230665 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Wilson, Robin. 2015c. “A Professor, a Graduate Student, and 2 Careers Derailed.” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 19. http://www.chronicle.com/article/A-Professor-a-Graduate/231007 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Wilson, Robin. 2016. “Geoff Marcy's Downfall; How the Astronomer's Case Signals a New Era of Activism against Sexual Harassment.” Chronicle of Higher Education, February 21. http://www.chronicle.com/article/Geoff-Marcy-s-Downfall/235380 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Wing, Adrien Katherine, ed. 2003. Critical Race Feminism: A Reader. 2nd ed. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Wolfers, Justin. 2015. “Even Famous Female Economists Get No Respect.” New York Times, November 11. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/12/upshot/even-famous-female-economists-get-no-respect.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Wolfers, Justin. 2016a. “A Family-Friendly Policy That's Friendliest to Male Professors.” New York Times, June 24. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/business/tenure-extension-policies-that-put-women-at-a-disadvantage.html (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Wolfers, Justin. 2016b. “When Teamwork Doesn't Work for Women.” New York Times, January 8. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/upshot/when-teamwork-doesnt-work-for-women.html?mcubz=0 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar
Zippel, Kathrin S. 2006. The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union, and Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zweifler, Seth. 2013. “Philosopher's Downfall, from Star to ‘Ruin,’ Divides a Discipline.” Chronicle of Higher Education, July 1. http://www.chronicle.com/article/A-Prominent-Philosophers/140071 (accessed March 15, 2018).Google Scholar