The determinants of winery visitors for local wine and non-wine products in the Northern Appalachian states

Abstract The development and expansion of wineries in Appalachian states in the United States over the past 20 years has received attention, while the study of non-wine product consumption in wineries has been very limited. Wineries increasingly include these non-wine products as complementary products in their marketing portfolio. This study analyzes the determinants of wine and non-wine spending among winery visitors in selected Northern Appalachian states, including Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. We develop a market segmentation model and a random utility theory with an interval regression model. Results from 1,609 participants show that wine knowledge has a positive effect on local wine spending, and spending on non-wine products should not be underestimated for its overall contribution to the winery business. Our results suggest that wineries have the potential to boost store sales associated with non-wine products. Diversifying the product lines in wineries to include more non-wine products would be a useful marketing strategy.


I. Introduction
Visiting a winery is a unique way to learn about wine products and to enjoy the vineyard and winery setting.During the visit, visitors will not only buy wine products but also spend on food products and related amenities.The revenue of the winery comes not only from wine sales but also from non-wine product sales.According to the Wine Institute (2023), the average wine consumption in the United States has not changed much between 2012 and 2021, from 2.78 to 3.18 gallons per person in 2021.Global wine consumption also shows the same pattern (International Organization of Vine and Wine, 2022).During the post-pandemic era, it is anticipated that wine consumers will continue to increase their winery visits as they resume their local food experiences without restrictions.Understanding the behaviors of winery visitors can help winery owners shape their business strategy.The knowledge about consumption of non-wine products in wineries is particularly limited, demonstrating the necessary steps to take to enhance the growth of these agritourism businesses.

II. Literature review
Studies on wine demand have broadly focused on generation differences (Thach and Olsen, 2006), marketing strategy (Thach, 2009), local wine (Kolyesnikova, Dodd, and Duhan, 2008;Woods et al., 2015;Farris et al., 2019), behavior dynamics and sensory preferences (Bruwer, Saliba, and Miller, 2011), wine consumption and preference (Hussain, Cholette, and Castaldi, 2007;Stanco, Lerro, and Marotta, 2020;Gustavsen and Rickertsen, 2020), wine labels (Loureiro, 2003;Mueller et al., 2010;Eustice, McCole, and Rutty, 2019), wine knowledge (Gustafson, Lybbert, and Sumner, 2016), as well as health benefits of wine (Yoo et al., 2013).These studies emphasize wine itself but do not mention much about the role of non-wine products in the context of direct purchases from wineries.Complementary non-wine products are often additionally offered by wineries and can include food products, vineyard tours, merchandise in wineries, and wine festivals.Some research has highlighted the importance of other factors production addition to wine that can influence the visitor's purchase motivation and decision, including engagement with regions, tourist preference, cellar visits, festivals and events, and societal stability, in sustaining the business and increasing future patronage (Gaetjens, Corsi, and Plewa, 2023;Gómez, Pratt, and Molina, 2019;Mitchell, Hall, and McIntosh, 2000;Gergaud, Livat, and Song, 2018).Wineries frequently provide tasting events and other wine promotions to attract visitors.Understanding the scale and determinants of non-wine purchases during winery visits showcases the potential for owners, marketers, and managers to promote business growth in wine hospitality.

III. Data and empirical model
This study focuses on winery consumers in selected Northern Appalachian states, including Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.All respondents were required to be 21 years old.A total of 1,609 wine consumers completed a survey of wine-related purchase experiences in September 2012.This dataset is the same as in Woods et al. (2015).The sampling method was managed by SurveyMonkey, Inc. Respondents selfidentified as wine drinkers.This dataset uniquely explores both wine and non-wine expenditures, presenting an opportunity for better understanding their determinants with a view toward strategic merchandising.A limitation of these data is that they are self-reported purchase activities based on wine consumption and winery visit recall rather than winery intercept sales. 1The analysis, however, provides insight into important purchasing patterns from venues where these data may be otherwise difficult to gather.
Following the market segmentation model adapted from the Hartman Organic Lifestyle Shopper Study 2000 (Hartman Group, 2000) and the framing of Wells and Haglock (2008), who segmented consumers of health and sustainable foods, wine consumers are segmented into Core (purchased wine at least once per week), Mid-level (at least once per month), and Periphery (at least once per year).Wine consumption frequency, local wine expenditure, winery purchase activity, and knowledge can then be analyzed by segment.A similar segmentation model is currently used by the Wine Market Council (McMillan, 2023).A random utility theory with interval regression models is to elicit the estimated consumer spending (ECS) for local wine monthly purchases 2 and non-wine products 3 in a winery visit.There are 24 independent variables used to explain the monthly average local wine ECS and non-wine product ECS in a winery visit.In order to decrease the hypothetical bias, the true ECS is assumed and can be observed by the latent variable y * i .The model can be set as Equation (1): where y i = 1 presents the range of ECS that is chosen by respondents, x i represents the independent variables including social-demographic, consumer background, and wine preference,  exhibits the coefficient of the variable, u i represents the error term, and the normal distribution is assumed in the interval regression.The empirical models of monthly average local wine ECS and non-wine product ECS are as follows: Thus, the ECS differences between local wine and non-wine products can be a potential indicator to winery owners of the relative magnitude and importance of the non-wine product business.A correlation of independent variables is performed and presented in Table 1.Most variables have low correlation, suggesting less concern for multicollinearity.

IV. Empirical results 4
Wine consumers in different consumption frequency classes are expected to behave differently with respect to non-wine purchase behavior during a winery visit.In order data, we would expect the results to be generalized with caution and it still provides a snapshot of regional preferences for winery visits and related products.
2 First of all, respondents were asked to indicate whether they had tried local wine within the past Freq_visit_local_winery (O)  to define the wine consumer via the market segmentation model, three consumer groups, that is, core consumers, mid-level consumers, and periphery consumers, are identified based on the frequency of their wine purchasing in a year.Results in Figure 1 show that the core consumers (about 12.1% of total respondents in the region) drink wine more than 52 times in a year; mid-level consumers (about 45.5%) roughly drink wine about 12 to 52 times in a year; and periphery consumers (about 42.4%) drink wine less than 12 times in a year.In other words, more than half of consumers in the region at least drink wine once per month.
The spending between local wine and non-wine products is further compared based on the market segmentation model.Figure 2 shows that core consumers on a monthly average spent about $69.87 for local wine, which is about two times higher than the overall monthly average of $34.62.Meanwhile, core consumers spent, on average, about $44.16 on non-wine products at their last winery visit.Recognizing the nominal differences in wine and non-wine products across segments, it is helpful to explore ECS potential determinants to better understand marginal effects based on the model specification.
The definitions and sample statistics of variables are presented in Table 2.Only a partial share of wine consumers from the region (n = 627) reported buying local wine from all retail sources at an average of $34.62 monthly.Of those respondents who indicated having visited a local winery within the past 12 months (n = 712), they reported purchasing an average of $25.91 for non-wine products in their previous visit.These two groups are not fully identical since not all respondents who have spent on non-wine products have purchased local wine before.Most respondents in this study overall (all wine consumers in the region) are female (about 69%), and the average age of respondents is about 52 years old.Most respondents are white.The annual average income of respondents is $67,340.Roughly 63% of respondents are urban residents.About 76% of respondents watch a food channel.Respondents indicated that, on average, they visited a local winery about 1.26 times in the past three years.Average bottle prices purchased indicate that respondents most frequently purchase in the Super ($7-$14/bottle) wine category (71%).Among the types of wine, most respondents (52%) buy red wine.In terms of sugar content (dry/sweet), respondents prefer dry and sweet approximately equally.
The ECS for local wine and non-wine products interval regression model is estimated and presented in Table 3. Results show that these two models received valid outcomes from the Likelihood Ratio (LR) χ 2 test.The estimated parameters in the interval regression model reflect the actual value of spending in U.S. dollars.Regarding the monthly average ECS of local wine, respondents who are from Pennsylvania, have more wine drinkers in a household, represent core and mid-level wine consumers, are wine experts, more frequently visit local wineries, prefer to buy Luxury wine, and prefer more sweet wine are more likely to report a higher average monthly spending for local wine.Interestingly, respondents who self-rated themselves as wine experts (i.e., above average and expert level) have significantly higher local wine spending compared to those who report a lower wine knowledge level in the region.Johnson and Bastian (2007) also point out that wine knowledge is an important expenditure indicator for wine generally.This study extends this outcome, suggesting that consumers with higher wine knowledge spend more specifically on local wine.
The ECS for non-wine products uses similar determinants to explore marginal effect but points to different spending relationships.Male respondents with higher income, respondents that have kids at home, are from Pennsylvania and Ohio, are from an urban area, include more wine drinkers in a household, are core consumers, those who watch food channels, identify as wine experts, more frequently visited local wineries,

Min.
Max.   preferred to buy Popular ($4-7/bottle) and Luxury (>$25/bottle) sparkling wine, and preferred more sweet wine are more likely to spend more money at wineries for nonwine products.It is interesting to see that male consumers' spending on non-wine products is positive, especially where it is not significant in local wine purchases.

Freq_visit_local_winery
Other variables, that is, income, have kids at home, urban, food channels, Popular ($4-7/bottle), and sparkling, are also important for the ECS of non-wine products and reflect different impacts on non-wine purchases compared to local wine.These characteristics identify a distinct consumer group, indicating a positive tendency toward non-wine products, and would justify a potentially different approach to the marketing of these products.These non-wine purchases provide a strong indication that there are heterogeneous preferences around both local wine and non-wine purchase activities that need to be considered for wineries.The ECS of non-wine products is difficult to elicit since most respondents can remember how much they spent on non-wine products in their previous visit rather than their monthly or yearly total spending.Although the aggregated ECS of non-wine products can be calculated in this study, the $76.19 should be used with caution.It implies that preferences and spending are likely to be highly heterogeneous, depending on the visitors.There may likely be helpful corresponding marketing strategies that could subsequently be effective in raising non-wine spending.

V. Conclusion
The development of wineries in these Northern Appalachian states has increased significantly over the past 20 years.The COVID-19 pandemic issue further impacted the U.S. winery industry, especially with respect to consumption and tourism (Good, 2020).This study attempts to present the potential product and segmented marketing opportunities for winery businesses after the COVID-19 crisis.Studies related to wine and winery expenditures in the period post COVID-19 are still limited.This research provides a strong argument for the significance of non-wine expenditures likely being realized by wineries as part of their overall revenue and suggests a need for understanding the level and determinants of both wine and non-wine products.
Wineries are not the only place for buying and tasting wine but are also a unique place for enjoying other non-wine products, such as food products, entertainment, winery tours, and related merchandise.Results show that about 12% of wine consumers in this region are core consumers (i.e., drinking wine more than 52 times in a year), about 46% of respondents are mid-level consumers (i.e., drinking wine about 12-52 times in a year), and about 42% of respondents are periphery consumers (i.e., drinking wine less than 12 times in a year).Further, the core consumers have the highest ECS for local wine and non-wine products in their winery visits.It implies that core consumers should be targeted by local wineries for both kinds of products.
The ECS on non-wine products is notably different in magnitude and factors.This notable difference is based on the model specification.It significantly points out that the non-wine products in wineries should be heavily paid attention to since consumers are willing to spend more dollars on non-wine products during their visit.Among those individual indicators for non-wine products, some factors with higher ECS should be given more attention for strategic merchandising, such as male consumers with higher wine knowledge and a higher frequency of drinking wine and consumers who sometimes and often buy Luxury wine (>$25/bottle).In addition to the monthly average ECS of local wine, some factors with higher ECS are those who have a higher frequency of drinking wine, higher wine knowledge, and who sometimes and often buy Luxury wine (>$25/bottle).During this post-pandemic era, the market is opening up, and consumers are more likely to visit wineries.It is highly suggested that wineries explore more varieties of products and services that can potentially increase their sales.Particularly, these indicate that frequent wine drinkers, those with higher wine knowledge, and Luxury wine buyers are the potential consumers of local wine and non-wine products in local wineries.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The definition of wine consumers based on the frequency of wine consumption.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The spending comparison between local wine and non-wine products.
Binary variable=1 if respondent purchases Popular wine ($4-$7/bottle) at the frequency of sometimes and often.Binary variable=1 if respondent purchases Super wine ($7-$14/bottle) at the frequency of sometimes and often.Binary variable=1 if respondent purchases Ultra wine ($14-$25/bottle) at the frequency of sometimes and often.Binary variable=1 if respondent purchases Luxury wine (over $25/bottle) at the frequency of sometimes and often.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2023.28Published online by Cambridge University Press

Table 3 .
The ECS for local wine and non-wine products ://doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2023.28Published online by Cambridge University Press https