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Concentration and retention of Toxoplasma gondii surrogates from seawater by red abalone (Haliotis rufescens)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2016

KRISTEN C. SCHOTT ,
COLIN KRUSOR ,
M. TIM TINKER ,
JAMES MOORE ,
PATRICIA A. CONRAD  and
KAREN SHAPIRO Open the ORCID record for KAREN SHAPIRO [Opens in a new window]
KRISTEN C. SCHOTT
Affiliation:
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
COLIN KRUSOR
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
M. TIM TINKER
Affiliation:
Long Marine Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
JAMES MOORE
Affiliation:
California Department of Fish and Wildlife and UC Davis-Bodega Marine Laboratory, PO Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
PATRICIA A. CONRAD
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
KAREN SHAPIRO*
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
*
*Corresponding author: Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. E-mail: kshapiro@ucdavis.edu
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Summary

Small marine snails and abalone have been identified as high- and low-risk prey items, respectively, for exposure of threatened southern sea otters to Toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic parasite that can cause fatal encephalitis in animals and humans. While recent work has characterized snails as paratenic hosts for T. gondii, the ability of abalone to vector the parasite has not been evaluated. To further elucidate why abalone predation may be protective against T. gondii exposure, this study aimed to determine whether: (1) abalone are physiologically capable of acquiring T. gondii; and (2) abalone and snails differ in their ability to concentrate and retain the parasite. Abalone were exposed to T. gondii surrogate microspheres for 24 h, and fecal samples were examined for 2 weeks following exposure. Concentration of surrogates was 2–3 orders of magnitude greater in abalone feces than in the spiked seawater, and excretion of surrogates continued for 14 days post-exposure. These results indicate that, physiologically, abalone and snails can equally vector T. gondii as paratenic hosts. Reduced risk of T. gondii infection in abalone-specializing otters may therefore result from abalone's high nutritional value, which implies otters must consume fewer animals to meet their caloric needs.

Keywords

Toxoplasma gondiitransmissionoocystssurrogatesabalonemarine snailssea otter
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 143 , Issue 13 , November 2016 , pp. 1703 - 1712
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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