Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T16:32:44.978Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Quantifying respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Effects of misspecifying breathing frequencies across development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2017

Tiffany M. Shader ,
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp ,
Sheila E. Crowell ,
M. Jamila Reid ,
Julian F. Thayer ,
Michael W. Vasey ,
Carolyn Webster-Stratton ,
Ziv Bell  and
Theodore P. Beauchaine
Tiffany M. Shader
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Sheila E. Crowell
Affiliation:
University of Utah
M. Jamila Reid
Affiliation:
Incredible Years, Seattle
Julian F. Thayer
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
Michael W. Vasey
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
Carolyn Webster-Stratton
Affiliation:
University of Washington
Ziv Bell
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
Theodore P. Beauchaine*
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Theodore P. Beauchaine, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210; E-mail: beauchaine.1@osu.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Low resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and to a lesser extent excessive RSA reactivity to emotion evocation, are observed in many psychiatric disorders characterized by emotion dysregulation, including syndromes spanning the internalizing and externalizing spectra, and other conditions such as nonsuicidal self-injury. Nevertheless, some inconsistencies exist. For example, null outcomes in studies of RSA–emotion dysregulation relations are sometimes observed among younger participants. Such findings may derive from use of age inappropriate frequency bands in calculating RSA. We combine data from five published samples (N = 559) spanning ages 4 to 17 years, and reanalyze RSA data using age-appropriate respiratory frequencies. Misspecifying respiratory frequencies results in overestimates of resting RSA and underestimates of RSA reactivity, particularly among young children. Underestimates of developmental shifts in RSA and RSA reactivity from preschool to adolescence were also observed. Although correlational analyses revealed weak negative associations between resting RSA and aggression, those with clinical levels of externalizing exhibited lower resting RSA than their peers. No associations between RSA reactivity and externalizing were observed. Results confirm that age-corrected frequency bands should be used when estimating RSA, and that literature-wide overestimates of resting RSA, underestimates of RSA reactivity, and underestimates of developmental shifts in RSA and RSA reactivity may exist.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , February 2018 , pp. 351 - 366
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

The research reported in this article was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grants MH12209, MH67192, and MH63699 and by the Pennsylvania Department of Health. We acknowledge Amelia Aldao and Mathew Free for their helpful contributions to this work.

References

Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Ahern, G. L., Sollers, J. J., Lane, R. D., Labiner, D. M., Herring, A. M., Weinand, M. E., … Thayer, J. F. (2001). Heart rate and heart rate variability changes in the intracarotid sodium amobarbital test. Epilepsia, 42, 912–921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahs, F., Sollers., J. J. III, Furmark, T., Fredrikson, M., & Thayer, J. F. (2009). High-frequency heart rate variability and cortico-striatal activity in men and women with social phobia. NeuroImage, 47, 815–820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aldao, A. (2013). The future of emotion regulation research: Capturing context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 155–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, B., Jennings, J. R., Gianaros, P. J., Thayer, J. F., & Manuck, S. B. (2015). Resting high frequency heart rate variability is related to resting brain perfusion. Psychophysiology, 52, 277–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, J. B., Chambers, A. S., & Towers, D. N. (2007). The many metrics of cardiac chronotropy: A pragmatic primer and a brief comparison of metrics. Biological Psychology, 74, 243–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Asmundson, G. J., & Stein, M. B. (1994). Vagal attenuation in panic disorder: An assessment of parasympathetic nervous system function and subjective reactivity to respiratory manipulations. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 187–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, M. A., Riniolo, T. C., & Porges, S. W. (2007). Borderline personality disorder and emotion regulation: Insights from the polyvagal theory. Brain and Cognition, 65, 69–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbas, H., Saha, S., Rempel-Clower, N., & Ghashghaei, T. (2003). Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas may influence emotional expression. BMC Neuroscience, 4, 25–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. (2001). Vagal tone, development, and Gray's motivational theory: Toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 183–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P. (2012). Physiological markers of emotion and behavior dysregulation in externalizing psychopathology. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 77(2, Serial No. 303), 79–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015a). Future directions in emotion dysregulation and youth psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child And Adolescent Psychology, 44, 875–896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015b). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: A transdiagnostic biomarker of emotion dysregulation and psychopathology. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 43–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & Cicchetti, D. (2016). A new generation of comorbidity research in the era of neuroscience and RDoC. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 891–894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Gartner, J., & Hagen, B. (2000). Comorbid depression and heart rate variability as predictors of aggressive and hyperactive symptom responsiveness during inpatient treatment of conduct-disordered, ADHD boys. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 425–441.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2012). Instantiating the multiple levels of analysis perspective in a program of study on externalizing behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1003–1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L., & Mead, H. K. (2007). Polyvagal theory and developmental psychopathology: Emotion dysregulation and conduct problems from preschool to adolescence. Biological Psychology, 74, 174–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Neuhaus, E., Chipman, J., Reid, M. J., & Webster-Stratton, C. (2013). Sympathetic- and parasympathetic-linked cardiac function and prediction of externalizing behavior, emotion regulation, and prosocial behavior among preschoolers treated for ADHD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 481–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Hong, J., & Marsh, P. (2008). Sex differences in autonomic correlates of conduct problems and aggression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 788–796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Katkin, E. S., Strassberg, Z., & Snarr, J. (2001). Disinhibitory psychopathology in male adolescents: Discriminating conduct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder through concurrent assessment of multiple autonomic states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 610–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & McNulty, T. (2013). Comorbidities and continuities as ontogenic processes: Toward a developmental spectrum model of externalizing behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1505–1528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Brenner, S. L., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2008). Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 745–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Reid, M. J., Brekke, A., Olliges, A., … Webster-Stratton, C. (2015). Electrodermal responding predicts responses to, and may be altered by, preschool intervention for ADHD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 293–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Strassberg, Z., Kees, M. R., & Drabick, D. A. G. (2002). Cognitive response repertoires to child noncompliance by mothers of aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 89–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2015). Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98, 338–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & Zalewski, M. (2016). Physiological and developmental mechanisms of emotional lability in coercive relationships. In Dishion, T. J. & Snyder, J. J. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of coercive relationship dynamics (pp. 39–52). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Berntson, G. G., Bigger, J. J., Eckberg, D. L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P. G., Malik, M., … van der Molen, M. W. (1997). Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34, 623–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, W. T., Quas, J., Alkon, A., Smider, N. A., Essex, M. J., & Kupfer, D. J. (2001). Autonomic reactivity and psychopathology in middle childhood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 144–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, T. W., Driscoll, D., Mowrer, S. M., Sollers, John J. III, Thayer, J. F., Kirschbaum, C., & Tranel, D. (2010). Medial prefrontal cortex damage affects physiological and psychological stress responses differently in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 56–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, E. A., & Randall, A. K. (2013). Emotional co-regulation in close relationships. Emotion Review, 5, 202–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, E. A., Fleg, J. L., Vaitkevicius, P. V., Wright, J., & Porges, S. W. (1996). Role of aerobic capacity and body mass index in the age-associated decline in heart rate variability. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81, 743–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calkins, S. D., Graziano, P. A., & Keane, S. P. (2007). Cardiac vagal regulation differentiates among children at risk for behavior problems. Biological Psychology, 74, 144–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chambers, A. S., & Allen, J. B. (2007). Cardiac vagal control, emotion, psychopathology, and health. Biological Psychology, 74, 113–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clamor, A., Lincoln, T. M., Thayer, J. F., & Koenig, J. (2015). Resting vagal activity in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of heart rate variability as a potential endophenotype. British Journal of Psychiatry, 208, 9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, P. M., Dennis, T. A., Hall, S. E., & Martin, S. E. (2008). Emotion regulation and the early development of psychopathology. In Vandekerckhove, M., von Scheve, C., Ismer, S., Jung, S., & Kronast, S. (Eds.), Regulating emotions: Social necessity and biological inheritance (pp. 171–188). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cole, P. M., Hall, S. E., & Hajal, N. J. (in press). Emotion dysregulation as a vulnerability to psychopathology. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Conradt, E., Beauchaine, T. P., Lester, B. M., Lagasse, L. L., Shankaran, S., Bada, H., … Hammond, J. A. (2016). Early caregiving stress exposure moderates the relation between respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity at 1 month and biobehavioral outcomes at age 3. Psychophysiology, 53, 83–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E, Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Sylvers, P., Mead, H., & Chipman-Chacon, J. (2006). Autonomic correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 174–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E., Baucom, B. R., Potapova, N. V., McCauley, E., Fittleson, M., Barth, H., … Beauchaine, T. P. (2013). Mechanisms of contextual risk for adolescent self-injury: Emotion invalidation and conflict escalation in mother-child interactions. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 467–480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E., Baucom, B. R., Yaptangco, M., Bride, D., Hsiao, R., McCauley, E., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2014). Emotion dysregulation and dyadic conflict in depressed and typical adolescents: Evaluating concordance across psychophysiological and observational measures. Biological Psychology, 98, 50–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., McCauley, E., Smith, C., Stevens, A. L., & Sylvers, P. (2005). Psychological, autonomic, and serotonergic correlates of parasuicidal behavior in adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1105–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E., Butner, J., Wiltshire, T. J., Munion, A. K., Yaptangco, M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Evaluating emotional and biological sensitivity to maternal behavior among depressed and self-injuring adolescent girls using nonlinear dynamics. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (2002). Anxiety and affective style: Role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 68–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Degnan, K. A., Hane, A. A., Henderson, H. A., Moas, O. L., Reeb-Sutherland, B. C., & Fox, N. A. (2011). Longitudinal stability of temperamental exuberance and social-emotional outcomes in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 47, 765–780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Wied, M., van Boxtel, A., Matthys, W., & Meeus, W. (2012). Verbal, facial and autonomic responses to empathy-eliciting film clips by disruptive male adolescents with high versus low callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 211–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamond, L. M., Fagundes, C. P., & Cribbet, M. R. (2012). Individual differences in adolescents’ sympathetic and parasympathetic functioning moderate associations between family environment and psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 48, 918–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietrich, A., Riese, H., Sondeijker, F. E., Greaves-Lord, K., van Roon, A. M., Ormel, J., … Rosmalen, J. G. (2007). Externalizing and internalizing problems in relation to autonomic function: A population-based study in preadolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 378–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Maszk, P., Smith, M., & Karbon, M. (2008). The role of emotionality and regulation in children's social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66, 1360–1384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Sheikh, M., Harger, J., & Whitson, S. M. (2001). Exposure to interparental conflict and children's adjustment and physical health: The moderating role of vagal tone. Child Development, 72, 1617–1636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Eisenbud, L. (1993). Behavioral and physiological correlates of children's reactions to others in distress. Developmental Psychology, 29, 655–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleming, S., Thompson, M., Stevens, R., Heneghan, C., Plüddemann, A., Maconochie, I., … Mant, D. (2011). Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: A systematic review of observational studies. Lancet, 377, 1011–1018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fortunato, C. K., Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., & Ram, N. (2013). Associations between respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity and internalizing and externalizing symptoms are emotion specific. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 238–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, N. A. (Ed.). (1994). The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3, Serial No. 240).Google Scholar
Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (1997a). Child Symptom Inventory—4 norms manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.Google Scholar
Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (1997b). Adolescent Symptom Inventory—4 norms manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.Google Scholar
Garcia, A. J., Koschnitzky, J. E., Dashevskiy, T., & Ramirez, J.-M. (2013). Cardiorespiratory coupling in health and disease. Autonomic Neuroscience Basic and Clinical, 175, 26–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Greenberg, M., & Bierman, K. (2015). Children's parasympathetic reactivity to specific emotions moderates response to intervention for early-onset aggression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 291–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Jetha, M. K., & Segalowitz, S. J. (2014). The role of resting frontal EEG asymmetry in psychopathology: Afferent or efferent filter? Developmental Psychobiology, 56, 73–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graziano, P., & Derefinko, K. (2013). Cardiac vagal regulation and children's adaptive functioning outcomes: A meta-analysis. Biological Psychology, 94, 22–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossman, P. (1992). Respiratory and cardiac rhythms as windows to central and autonomic biohehavioral regulation: Selection of window frames, keeping the panes clean, and viewing the neural topography. Biological Psychology, 34, 131–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, P., Karemaker, J., & Wieling, W. (1991). Prediction of tonic parasympathetic cardiac control using respiratory sinus arrhythmia: The need for respiratory control. Psychophysiology, 28, 201–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossman, P., & Taylor, E. W. (2007). Toward understanding respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Relations to cardiac vagal tone, evolution, and biobehavioral functions. Biological Psychology, 74, 263–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossman, P., van Beek, J., & Wientjes, C. (1990). A comparison of three quantification methods for estimation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Psychophysiology, 27, 702–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, A. L., Johnsen, B. H., Thornton, D., Waage, L., & Thayer, J. F. (2007). Facets of psychopathy, heart rate variability and cognitive function. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 568–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hastings, P. D., Nuselovici, J. N., Utendale, W. T., Coutya, J., McShane, K. E., & Sullivan, C. (2008). Applying the polyvagal theory to children's emotion regulation: Social context, socialization, and adjustment. Biological Psychology, 79, 229–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hastings, P. D., Sullivan, C., McShane, K. E., Coplan, R. J., Utendale, W. T., & Vyncke, J. D. (2008). Parental socialization, vagal regulation, and preschoolers’ anxious difficulties: Direct and moderated fathers. Child Development, 79, 45–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayano, J., Sakakibara, Y., Yamada, A., Yamada, M., Mukai, S., Fujinami, T., … Takata, K. (1991). Accuracy of assessment of cardiac vagal tone by heart rate variability in normal subjects. American Journal of Cardiology, 67, 199–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T. F. (2011). Neuroscience of self and self-regulation. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 363–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T. F., & Wagner, D. D. (2011). Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 132–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinnant, J. B., & El-Sheikh, M. (2009). Children's externalizing and internalizing symptoms over time: The role of individual differences in patterns of RSA responding. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 1049–1061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huffman, L. C., Bryan, Y. E., del Carmen, R., Pedersen, F. A., Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A., & Porges, S. W. (1998). Infant temperament and cardiac vagal tone: Assessments at twelve weeks of age. Child Development, 69, 624–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katona, P. G., & Jih, F. (1975). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Noninvasive measure of parasympathetic cardiac control. Journal of Applied Physiology, 39, 801–805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, E., Puzia, M. F., Mead, H. K., Crowell, S. E., McEachern, A., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Children's emotion regulation difficulties mediate the association between maternal borderline and antisocial symptoms and youth behavior problems over one year. Journal of Personality Disorders. Advance online publication.Google Scholar
Kay, S. M., & Marple, S. L. (1981). Spectral analysis—A modern perspective. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 69, 1380–1419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, A. H., Brunoni, A. R., Santos, I. S., Nunes, M. A., Dantas, E. M., de Figueiredo, R. C., … Lotufo, P. A. (2014). Effects of depression, anxiety, comorbidity, and antidepressants on resting-state heart rate and its variability: An ELSA-Brasil cohort baseline study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 1328–1334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemp, A. H., Quintana, D. S., Felmingham, K. L., Matthews, S., & Jelinek, H. F. (2012). Depression, comorbid anxiety disorders, and heart rate variability in physically healthy, unmedicated patients: Implications for cardiovascular risk. PLOS ONE, 7, e30777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenig, J., Kemp, A., Beauchaine, T. P., Thayer, J. F., & Kaess, M. (2016). Depression and resting state heart rate variability in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 136–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopp, L., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2007). Patterns of psychopathology in the families of children with conduct problems, depression, and both psychiatric conditions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 301–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liew, J., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., Haugen, R. G., Kupfer, A., … Baham, M. E. (2011). Physiological regulation and fearfulness as predictors of young children's empathy-related reactions. Social Development, 20, 111–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macdonald, A., Goines, K., Novacek, D., & Walker, E. (2016). Prefrontal cortex mechanisms of comorbidity from a transdiagnostic and ontogenic perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 1147–1175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malik, M., & Camm, A. (Eds.). (1995). Heart rate variability. Armonk, NY: Futura.Google ScholarPubMed
Marsh, P., Beauchaine, T. P., & Williams, B. (2008). Dissociation of sad facial expressions and autonomic nervous system responding in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Psychophysiology, 45, 100–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCabe, P. M., Youngue, B. G., Ackles, P. K., & Porges, S. W. (1985). Changes in heart period, heart-period variability, and spectral analysis estimate of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in response to pharmacological manipulations of the baroreceptor reflex in cats. Psychophysiology, 22, 195–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mezzacappa, E., Kindlon, D., Earls, F., & Saul, J. P. (1994). The utility of spectral analytic techniques in the study of autonomic regulation of beat-to-beat heart rate variability. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 4, 29–44.Google Scholar
Mezzacappa, E., Tremblay, R. E., Kindlon, D., Saul, J. P., Arseneault, L., Seguin, , … Earls, F. (1997). Anxiety, antisocial behavior, and heart rate regulation in adolescent males. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 457–469. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01531.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moon, E., Lee, S., Kim, D., & Hwang, B. (2013). Comparative study of heart rate variability in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 11, 137–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuhaus, E., Bernier, R., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2014). Brief report: Social skills, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 730–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuhaus, E., Bernier, R. A., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Children with autism show altered autonomic adaptation to novel and familiar social partners. Autism Research, 9, 579–591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obradović, J., & Boyce, W. T. (2012). Physiological measures of emotion from a developmental perspective: State of the science: Developmental psychophysiology of emotion processes. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 77(2, Serial No. 303), 120–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obradović, J., Bush, N. R., Stamperdahl, J., Adler, N. E., & Boyce, T. (2010). Biological sensitivity to context: The interactive effects of stress reactivity and family adversity on socioemotional behavior and school readiness. Child Development, 81, 270–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Regan, C., Kenny, R. A., Cronin, H., Finucane, C., & Kearney, P. M. (2015). Antidepressants strongly influence the relationship between depression and heart rate variability: Findings from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Psychological Medicine, 45, 623–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pang, K. C., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2013). Longitudinal patterns of autonomic nervous system responding to emotion evocation among children with conduct problems and/or depression. Developmental Psychobiology, 55, 698–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parati, G., Saul, P., Di Rienzo, M., & Mancia, G. (1995). Spectral analysis of blood pressure and heart rate variability in evaluating cardiovascular regulation. Hypertension, 25, 1276–1286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patriquin, M. A., Scarpa, A., Friedman, B. H., & Porges, S. W. (2013). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: A marker for positive social functioning and receptive language skills in children with autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Psychobiology, 55, 101–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plichta, M. M., & Scheres, A. (2014). Ventral-striatal responsiveness during reward anticipation in ADHD and its relation to trait impulsivity in the healthy population: A meta-analytic review of the fMRI literature. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 38, 125–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poliakova, N., Dionne, G., Dubreuil, E., Ditto, B., Pihl, R. O., Pérusse, D., … Boivin, M. (2014). A methodological comparison of the Porges algorithm, fast Fourier transform, and autoregressive spectral analysis for the estimation of heart rate variability in 5-month-old infants. Psychophysiology, 51, 579–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porges, S. W. (1995). Orienting in a defensive world: Mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage: A polyvagal perspective. Psychophysiology, 32, 301–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porges, S. W. (1996). Physiological regulation in high-risk infants: A model for assessment and potential intervention. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 43–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porges, S. W. (2007). A phylogenetic journey through the vague and ambiguous Xth cranial nerve: A commentary on contemporary heart rate variability research. Biological Psychology, 74, 301–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quintana, D. S., Westlye, L. T., Kaufmann, T., Rustan, Ø. G., Brandt, C. L., Haatveit, B., … Andreassen, O. A. (2015). Reduced heart rate variability in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 133, 44–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rash, J. A., & Aguirre-Camacho, A. (2012). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and cardiac vagal control: A systematic review. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 4, 167–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reyes del Paso, G. A., Langewitz, W., Mulder, L. J., van Roon, A., & Duschek, S. (2013). The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: A review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies. Psychophysiology, 50, 477–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritz, T. (2009). Studying noninvasive indices of vagal control: The need for respiratory control and the problem of target specificity. Biological Psychology, 80, 158–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rottenberg, J. (2007). Cardiac vagal tone in depression: A critical analysis. Biological Psychology, 74, 200–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rottenberg, J., Salomon, K., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005). Vagal withdrawal to a sad film predicts recovery from depression. Psychophysiology, 42, 277–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rottenberg, J., Wilhelm, F. H., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a predictor of outcome in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71, 265–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santucci, A. K., Silk, J. S., Shaw, D. S., Gentzler, A., Fox, N. A, & Kovacs, M. (2008). Vagal tone and temperament as predictors of emotion regulation strategies in young children. Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 205–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuster, A. K., Jarczok, M. N., Fischer, J. E., Thayer, J. F., & Vossmerbaeumer, U. (2014). Retinal vessel analysis and heart rate variability. International Journal of Cardiology, 176, 1268–1269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Mina, K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shannon, K. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Brenner, S. L., Neuhaus, E., & GatzkeKopp, L. (2007). Familial and temperamental predictors of resilience in children at risk for conduct disorder and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 701–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sloan, R. P., Shapiro, P. A., Bigger, J. T., Bagiella, M., Steinman, R. C., & Gorman, J. M. (1994). Cardiac autonomic control and hostility in healthy subjects. American Journal of Cardiology, 74, 298–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, R., Allen, J. J. B., Thayer, J. F., Fort, C., & Lane, R. D. (2014). Increased association over time between regional frontal lobe BOLD change magnitude and cardiac vagal control with sertraline treatment for major depression. Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging, 224, 225–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suess, P. E., Porges, S. W., & Plude, D. J. (1994). Cardiac vagal tone and sustained attention in school-age children. Psychophysiology, 31, 17–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarvainen, M. P., Niskanen, J. P., Lipponen, J. A., Ranta-Aho, P. O., & Karjalainen, P.A. (2014). Kubios HRV-heart rate variability analysis software. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 113, 210–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarvainen, M. P., Ranta-aho, P. O., & Karjalainen, P. A. (2002). An advanced detrending method with application to HRV analysis. IEEE Transactions on Bio-medical Engineering, 49, 172–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Task Force of the European Society for Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (1996). Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation, 93, 1043–1065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ter Horst, G. J., & Postema, F. (1997). Forebrain parasympathetic control of heart activity: Retrograde transneuronal viral labeling in rats. American Journal of Physiology, 276, H2926–H2930.Google Scholar
Thayer, J. F. (2002). Estimating respiratory frequency from autoregressive spectral analysis of heart period. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 21, 41–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, J. F., Åhs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. I., & Wager, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 747–756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., & Borkovec, T. D. (1996). Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 255–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thayer, J. F., Hansen, A. L., & Johnsen, B. H. (2010). Non-invasive assessment of autonomic influences on the heart using impedance cardiography and heart rate variability. In Steptoe, A. (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral medicine: Methods and applications (pp. 723–740). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thayer, J. F., Hansen, A. L., Saus-Rose, E., & Johnsen, B. H. (2009). Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: The neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 141–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, J. F., Peasley, C., & Muth, E. R (1996). Estimation of respiratory frequency from auto-regressive spectral analysis of heart period. Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation, 32, 93–99.Google Scholar
Thompson, R. A. (1990). Emotion and self-regulation. In Thompson, R. A. (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Socioemotional development (Vol. 36, pp. 367–469). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Vasilev, C. A., Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Mead, H. K., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2009). Correspondence between physiological and self-report measures of emotion dysregulation: A longitudinal investigation of youth with and without psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1357–1364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallis, L. A., Healy, M., Undy, M. B., & Maconochie, I. (2005). Age related reference ranges for respiration rate and heart rate from 4–16 years. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90, 1117–1121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, M. J. (2010). The Incredible Years Parents, Teachers and Children Training Series: A multifaceted treatment approach for young children with conduct problems. In Weisz, J. & Kazdin, A. (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed., pp. 194–210). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Werthamer-Larsson, L., Kellam, S., & Wheeler, L. (1991). Effect of first-grade classroom environment on shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 585–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willemen, A. M., Schuengel, C., & Koot, H. M. (2009). Physiological regulation of stress in referred adolescents: The role of the parent-adolescent relationship. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 482–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, S. W., Masse, N., Kimmerly, D. S., Menon, R. S., & Shoemaker, J. K. (2007). Ventral medial prefrontal cortex and cardiovagal control in conscious humans. NeuroImage, 35, 698–708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Youth in Mind. (2013). SDQ: Information for researchers and professionals about the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Retrieved February 20, 2016, from http://www.sdqinfo.com/ Google Scholar
Zisner, A., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Physiological methods and developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Developmental neuroscience (3rd ed., pp. 832–884). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar