Sector and functional models of consultant care: in-patient satisfaction with psychiatrists

and community consultants (the functional model). The Care Quality Commission’s in-patient survey was used, comparing mean scores on four questions concerning patient satisfaction with consultants. Results Patients scored higher for being treated with respect in trusts with sector consultants. In questions concerning trust, being listened to and getting adequate time, patient satisfaction scores were again higher for sector consultants, but did not reach 5% signiﬁcance.

In general adult mental health services in England, there has been a recent shift from a sector model, in which the consultant psychiatrist cares for both in-patients and out-patients from one geographical area, to a model of in-patient consultants and community consultants (the functional model). 1,2 This has provoked some debate among psychiatrists and mental health leaders. 3 The sector model has the advantage of continuity of care in that the same consultant cares for the patient in and out of hospital. The functional in-patient/out-patient model has the advantage of avoiding many consultants feeding into an in-patient unit, with potentially better consultant leadership on wards.
Despite the heated debate, there is limited evidence to base judgements on which model might be better for Aims and method To investigate in-patient satisfaction with psychiatrists, comparing National Health Service (NHS) trusts with sector consultants against NHS trusts with separate in-patient and community consultants (the functional model). The Care Quality Commission's in-patient survey was used, comparing mean scores on four questions concerning patient satisfaction with consultants.
Results Patients scored higher for being treated with respect in trusts with sector consultants. In questions concerning trust, being listened to and getting adequate time, patient satisfaction scores were again higher for sector consultants, but did not reach 5% significance.
Clinical implications Moving to a split between in-patient and community consultants may reduce in-patient satisfaction with care. The continuity of care with sector-based consultants may be a factor in greater in-patient satisfaction.
Declaration of interest R.L. has argued strongly to maintain the sector model at the NHS trust in which he works.
Sector and functional models of consultant care: in-patient satisfaction with psychiatrists Richard Laugharne, 1,2 Milind Pant 1 patients and staff. A qualitative study identified perceived strengths and weaknesses of the in-patient/out-patient consultant model after a change from the sector model. 2 In another study, Singhal et al 4 asked service users and providers what they felt about a change from a sector model to an in-patient/out-patient one. Most service users and general practitioners were unaware of the change. Service providers felt that continuity of care, patient/carer satisfaction and clinical skills would be adversely affected, whereas length of stay in hospital would be reduced.
We sought to answer the following research question: is there a difference in in-patient satisfaction with psychiatrists between mental health trusts with dedicated in-patient consultants and trusts with sector consultants?

Method
The Care Quality Commission (CQC) reported on an in-patient survey of all mental health trusts in England in 2009. 5 This was a survey of people who had had an in-patient stay in acute mental health units, and had responses from over 7500 individuals. The survey asked people all about their experiences of acute in-patient mental health services along the pathway, from admission to leaving hospital, including the care and treatment they received, day-to-day activities, and relationships with staff. We used scores on the four satisfaction questions concerning psychiatrists.
1 Did the psychiatrist listen carefully to you? 2 Were you given enough time to discuss your treatment? 3 Do you have confidence and trust in the psychiatrist? 4 Did the psychiatrist treat you with respect and dignity?
The report gave a score for each trust between 0 and 100 for each question reflecting the responses of patients in that trust.
We contacted the medical directors of these trusts via email and asked whether their trust had a dedicated in-patient consultant model or a sector consultant model at the time of the CQC survey (July to December 2008). We divided the trusts into two groups (sector or in-patient/outpatient consultants) and compared the average scores on the four questions on satisfaction with psychiatrists. The average scores in each group were compared using SPSS version 13 for Windows by an independent statistician. Unpaired t-tests were used for comparisons of means.

Results
Overall, 64 mental health National Health Service (NHS) trusts had CQC survey reports on acute in-patient services; 34 trusts responded to the email query, but 3 did not want to share information on which of the consultant models they operated. Out of the 31 NHS trusts who did provide this information, 26 had a clear model of either a dedicated in-patient consultant (n = 10) or a sector consultant model The results of the survey are presented in Table 1. The mean satisfaction scores for each question oscillated around 6-8 (where 0 was the worst possible score and 10 was the best). On only one question (number 4) did the difference between the two models of service reach the 5% significance level at 0.011. When calculating the mean score for all four questions for the two groups ( Fig. 1; 0 -worst possible score, 10 -best possible score), the difference reached near significance at 0.06 (two-tailed t-test, equal variance not assumed).
It is interesting to observe that the standard deviations are higher for the sector model, which may suggest that the sector model might lead to a greater variability in performance of consultants.

Discussion
These findings suggest a trend towards in-patient satisfaction for consultant psychiatrists working in a sector model rather than the functional in-patient/community split model. Only one question reached a statistically significant difference at a 5% level, but the trend was consistently in favour of the sector model (Table 1).
There are clear limitations to this study. The research used secondary data from a national survey, and the

ORIGINAL PAPERS
Laugharne & Pant Sector and functional consultant models limitations in this survey must be taken into account along with the limitations in our own method. The performance of the psychiatrists was not necessarily directly related to the model of consultant care, and there may be confounding factors influencing the levels of satisfaction in psychiatrists. For example, more rural areas may have kept the sector model for reasons of distances travelled in the community (as we have in Cornwall) and patient satisfaction may be greater in rural areas as morbidity tends to be less severe.
The model may be more appropriate for urban areas, where distances are small and the pressure on wards can be higher. These results are from 26 out of 64 NHS trusts in England, although there is no reason to believe the other trusts would be different to those that responded. The trend to better patient satisfaction for the sector model did not reach statistical significance in four of the five calculations. This may be a type-two error due to the small sample size. The study presents some implications for practice. It is possible that the sector model encourages better communication with patients. We can hypothesise that sector consultants know in-patients and their families well from their contact in the community, and so trust and respect are often well established and a therapeutic relationship does not have to be built from scratch. It is also possible that the continuity of care encourages consultants to treat patients better and invest more time in the therapeutic relationship, as they will be seeing them in the future in the community. In-patient consultants may have less motivation to establish rapport if they are not responsible for future care in the short to medium term. In primary care, having a longer relationship with a physician is related to a greater therapeutic quality in the relationship. 6 The implication for policy is that pushing ahead with a change from sector consultants to the in-patient/ community consultant split may not be in the best interests of patients in respect of in-patient satisfaction. A change in service delivery, which always costs money in professional time, should be expected to improve a service in some way. There may be other advantages, such as better consultant leadership on wards, but this claim would need to be backed by evidence. Ideology-based health policy is fraught with dangers.