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²⁸ Keynes, General theory, CW, vii, pp. 168–9.

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³⁷ Ibid., p. 55.

³⁸ Ibid., pp. 56–7. In Britain, population nearly doubled to 40.8 million people from 1851 to 1911. See in general Anderson, Michael, ‘British population history, 1911–1981’, in Anderson, Michael, ed., British population history: from the Black Death to the present day (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 359–402, at p. 362Google Scholar.

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⁴⁰ This is similar in fact to the sort of transition from modern liberalism to bio-politics outlined by Michel Foucault and to some recent interpretations of what ‘Keynesianism’ implies as a form of strategic crisis management. Foucault, Michel, The order of things (London, 1970), pp. 284–5Google Scholar; Oeuvres complètes (2 vols., Paris, 2015), i, p. 1320Google Scholar (and on Ricardo and Marx specifically as proverbial ‘fish’ in nineteenth-century ‘water’, pp. 1311–58). Cf. Mann, Geoff, In the long run we are all dead: Keynesianism, political economy and revolution (London, 2017), pp. 39–53, 65Google Scholar, who adduces ‘Keynesianism’ in a longer tradition of thinking about the relationship between politics, economics, and stability, finding it well before Keynes in the thought of Hegel; Dunn, John, ed., The economic limits to modern politics (Cambridge, 1985)Google Scholar.

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⁴⁵ Barnett, Vincent, John Maynard Keynes (London, 2013), pp. 110ff, 175–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar; cf. John Maynard Keynes, ‘Currency policy and social reform’, National Liberal Club speech, 13 Dec. 1923, CW, xix, pp. 158–62; John Maynard Keynes, ‘Does unemployment need a drastic remedy?’ The Nation and Athenaeum, 24 Nov. and 1 Dec. 1923, repr. CW, xix, pp. 219–23, 225–32. On the wider context of debates with William Beveridge over unemployment and population trends, see Harris, Josie, William Beveridge (Oxford, 1979), pp. 341–2Google Scholar; Barnett, Maynard Keynes, pp. 105–9.

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⁶¹ John Maynard Keynes, ‘Am I a Liberal?’ [1925], CW, ix, Essays in persuasion, pp. 295–306, at pp. 302–3; on the rise of the Liberal Summer Schools in general, the locations where Keynes gave various speeches, including those popularizing contraception, see Freeden, Michael, Liberalism divided: a study in British political thought, 1914–1939 (Oxford, 1986), ch. 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁶⁶ Ibid., p. 235.

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¹²⁰ Toye, ‘Liberalism’, p. 1173.

¹²¹ Ricardo, Notes on Malthus, p. 385.

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¹²³ Pullen, John, ‘Malthus on growth, glut, and redistribution’, History of Economics Review, 65 (2016), pp. 27–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For the older view, see Stewart, Michael, Keynes and after (London, 1967), pp. 22–6Google Scholar, on the Malthus–Ricardo dispute.

¹²⁴ Pullen, John, ‘Malthus and the doctrine of proportions and the concept of the optimum’, Australian Economic Papers, 21 (1982), pp. 270–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹²⁵ See Rodrik, Dani, The globalization paradox: why global markets, states, and democracy can't coexist (Oxford, 2012)Google Scholar.