Hegel's Truth: A Property of Things?

Abstract In his Encyclopaedia Logic, Hegel affirms that truth is ‘usually’ understood as the agreement of thought with the object, but that in the ‘deeper, i.e. philosophical sense’, truth is the agreement of a content with itself or of an object with its concept. Hegel then provides illustrations of this second sort of truth: a ‘true friend’, a ‘true state’, a ‘true work of art’. Robert Stern has argued that Hegel's ‘deeper’ or ‘philosophical’ truth is close to what Heidegger labelled ‘material’ truth, namely a property attributed to a thing on the basis of the accordance of that thing with its essence. It has since been common to think of Hegel's concept of ‘philosophical’ truth as ‘ontological’, ‘objective’ or ‘material’ in contrast to ‘epistemological’ or ‘propositional’ definitions. In this paper, I wish to add an important nuance to the existing literature on this subject: even though things have a truth-value for Hegel, the latter is always negative. I argue that Hegel's criterion of ‘philosophical’ truth, which is best formulated as ‘agreement with self’, is first and foremost intended to examine the truth-value of thought-determinations. I then argue that even though this criterion may also be applied to examine the truth-value of things (namely, even though things have a truth-value), things never fall under this definition. After reviewing several of Hegel's explicit remarks on the matter, I provide an alternative explanation to those features of Hegel's ‘philosophical’ truth which have led scholars to view it as a truth in things. Especially, I argue that what are generally seen as Hegel's examples (‘true friend’, ‘true state’, ‘true work of art’) are not intended as examples but only as imperfect illustrations of ‘philosophical’ truth.

In his Encyclopaedia Logic, Hegel affirms that truth is 'usually' understood as the agreement of thought with the object, but that in the 'deeper, i.e. philosophical sense', truth is the agreement of a content with itself or of an object with its concept.Hegel then provides illustrations of this second sort of truth: a 'true friend', a 'true state', a 'true work of art'.Robert Stern has argued that Hegel's 'deeper' or 'philosophical' truth is close to what Heidegger labelled 'material' truth, namely a property attributed to a thing on the basis of the accordance of that thing with its essence.It has since been common to think of Hegel's concept of 'philosophical' truth as 'ontological', 'objective' or 'material' in contrast to 'epistemological' or 'propositional' definitions.In this paper, I wish to add an important nuance to the existing literature on this subject: even though things have a truth-value for Hegel, the latter is always negative.I argue that Hegel's criterion of 'philosophical' truth, which is best formulated as 'agreement with self', is first and foremost intended to examine the truth-value of thought-determinations.I then argue that even though this criterion may also be applied to examine the truth-value of things (namely, even though things have a truth-value), things never fall under this definition.After reviewing several of Hegel's explicit remarks on the matter, I provide an alternative explanation to those features of Hegel's 'philosophical' truth which have led scholars to view it as a truth in things.Especially, I argue that what are generally seen as Hegel's examples ('true friend', 'true state', 'true work of art') are not intended as examples but only as imperfect illustrations of 'philosophical' truth.
In his Encyclopaedia Logic, Hegel affirms that truth is 'usually' understood as the agreement of thought with the object, but that in the 'deeper, i.e. philosophical sense', truth is the agreement of a content with itself or of an object with its concept.He then provides illustrations of this second sort of truth: a 'true friend', a 'true state', a 'true work of art ' (EL: §24A,62;§172A,§213R,283;§213A,284). 1 In an article which has become influential, Robert Stern (1993) argues 1 Abbreviations used: that when speaking of 'truth in the deeper sense', Hegel's concept of truth does not conform to the way we use this concept in modern theories of truth.He adds that Hegel's 'philosophical' truth is close to what Heidegger labelled 'material' truth, namely a property attributed to a thing on the basis of the accordance of that thing with its essence. 2 It has since become common to conceptualize the specific difference and interest of Hegel's notion of truth in referring to Hegel's 'philosophical' truth as 'ontological', 'objective' or 'material', marking the difference from more common 'epistemological' or 'propositional'   definitions.3 This interpretation can also be found in prominent scholarly treatments of the question of truth in the history of philosophy in general, such as Wolfgang Künne's Conceptions of Truth.
In this paper, I make the following point: even though things have a truth-value for Hegel, the latter is always negative.That is, I disagree with Stern and Künne's suggestion that truth (or 'material' truth) is a property that Hegel attributes to things.However, I share a thesis that is implicit in this suggestion, namely that, for Hegel, things have a truth-value.
After making several preliminary remarks on Hegel's definition of 'philosophical' truth in general, I will show that the latter is introduced in Hegel's Encyclopaedia in order to settle 'the question concerning the truth of the thought-determinations' (i.e. the categories of Hegel's Logic) (EL: §24A, 61).I will accordingly argue that Hegel's criterion of 'philosophical' truth, which is best formulated as 'agreement with self', is first and foremost intended to examine the truth-value of thought-determinations.I will then argue that even though this criterion may also be applied to  (1977, pp. 118-22).Truth is propositional when it is attributed to statements, judgements or propositions on the basis of their accordance with the way things are.Truth is material when it is attributed to something on the basis of the accordance of the thing with its essence.[…] Hegel's remark concerns material truth, and that it is a mistake to equate the two'.(Stern 1993: 645).See also Stern 2009: 78.  3 Here are several relatively recent examples of scholars using the epistemological/ontological truth duality: Schnädelbach 1998, 802ff;Halbig 2003: 40;Puntel 2005: 213ff instance, appear solely in the Additions.It may almost be said that without the latter, there would be no question of interpreting Hegel's definition of 'philosophical' truth as defining a truth in things.Regardless of the authenticity of the Additions, analysing them is thus required in order to discuss and eventually refute this interpretation.
A second issue involves a definition.This article inquires whether, for Hegel, truth is a property of things.By 'thing', I mean an individual phenomenon.This definition includes natural ('material') as well as social phenomena ('states', for instance) but not individual concepts, categories and propositions.This is how I understand Hegel's use of the term 'object' in the relevant passages.I add that this definition appears to conform to Stern's use of the term 'thing', since only 'worldly' objects have essences with which they can be in accordance.This is also the meaning of the term 'thing' within the Aquinian expression veritas in rebus used by Künne.
A third issue is that in speaking of truth in the 'deeper, i.e. philosophical sense', Hegel takes considerable liberties in terms of vocabulary and phrasing.In the Encyclopaedia Logic, in particular, we may find 'philosophical' truth defined as 'the agreement of a content with itself' (EL: §24A, 62); as 'the agreement with itself' (EL: §24A, 62); as 'the agreement of the concept with reality' (EL: §24A, 62); as 'the agreement of the object with itself, i.e. with its concept' (EL: §172A, 246); and as a situation where objectivity 'corresponds to the concept' (EL: §213R, 283) or where it 'is identical with the concept' (EL: §213A, 284).It is tempting to resort to terminological differences in commenting on these different formulations, especially since some of the above-mentioned terms have different and at times antithetical meanings as Hegelian termini technici (e.g.object, objectivity and reality).But the fact that this 'deeper' sort of truth is regularly opposed to a 'usual' sort-namely to the classical definition of truth as the correspondence of the intellect to a thing-and that this latter definition is also formulated in many similar but distinct ways, 4 leads to the conclusion that the different formulations found both in the 'Greater' and But what is this definition exactly?Many scholars, as has already been stated, have taken 'agreement of the object with its concept' as an authoritative formulation.Among other reasons, this is due to the fact that this formulation best fits Hegel's illustrations of 'philosophical' truth: 'true friend', 'true state', 'true work of art'.In the next pages, I will argue that this formulation is misleading and that another formulation, namely the more general 'agreement with self', captures Hegel's concept of 'philosophical' truth far better.
II.The truth-value of thought-determinations.
Reading the second Addition to §24 of the Encyclopaedia will help shed light on the matter.In this Addition, Hegel introduces his notion of truth in the 'deeper, i.e. philosophical sense'.As he puts it shortly beforehand, Hegel is preoccupied there with 'the question concerning the truth of the thought-determinations' (EL: §24A, 61).But what is at stake in this question?
Thought-determinations are the categories of Hegel's Logic.They are not things, nor are they propositions. 5For Hegel, they are 'objective thoughts' (EL: §24, 58), which are also the basic 4 In the Science of Logic, the adaequatio-sometimes labelled 'correctness'-is formulated as 'the agreement of thought with the object' (SL: 24/I: 28); as 'the agreement of cognition with its object' (SL: 523/II: 26); as 'the agreement of the concept and reality' (SL: 557/II: 60); or as 'the agreement of representation with the object' (SL: 562/II: 65).In the Encyclopaedia Logic, we can find it to be 'the agreement of an object and our representation of it' (EL: §24A, 62) but also 'the formal agreement of our representation with its content' (EL: §172A, 246-47).
Later passages also read that 'usual' truth-that Hegel also labels correctness-is 'that external things correspond to my representations' (EL: §213R, 283) or that 'by truth one understands at first that I know how something is' (EL: §213A, 284). 5By proposition, I mean the predication of a subject.The predicate 'white' is not a proposition, nor is the category 'quality' of which 'white' is a kind.This is still true even if, as it is the case for Hegel, both 'white' and 'quality' are thoughts.
forms of his ontology.6Thought-determinations may thus be compared, mutatis mutandis, to Plato's Forms or Aristotle's or Kant's categories.Providing any detailed account of the role thought-determinations play in Hegel's metaphysics would take us far afield here.However, it is imperative to note that in stark contrast to his idealist predecessors, Hegel holds that categories can be true or false.For Kant, to give just one example, specific judgements have truth-values but not the category of 'causality'.For Hegel, on the contrary, the category of 'causality' (but also those of 'quality', 'quantity', etc.) has a truth-value.
For Hegel, accordingly, the set of the basic forms of ontology is composed both of true and of false categories, in such a way that false or finite categories still enjoy a constitutive status.They function, as Brady Bowman rightly notes, as forms of finitude (Bowman 2013, 125).7 Given this unique feature of his Logic, the 'business of logic', as Hegel puts it, is not restricted to the exposition of the categories (as is the case for instance in Aristotle's Categories); nor does it supplement this exposition only with their deduction (as is the case in Kant's transcendental deduction).For Hegel, the 'business of logic' is the examination of the truth-value of the thoughtdeterminations.In his terms, it aims at 'finding out which are the forms of the infinite and which of the finite' (EL: §24A, 62).
The 'question concerning the truth of the thought-determinations' is thus the question of how to proceed and examine their truth-values.And its answer is far from being self-evident.In the Phenomenology, for example, the philosophical examination consists in 'seeing whether the concept corresponds to the object' (PhG: §85, 57).In other words, it consists in seeing whether the various certainties of consciousness agree with experience.But this makes no sense in the Logic.It would make no sense to see whether a thought-determination corresponds to a given state of affairs, since in the Logic the reader already knows that thought-determinations are constitutive of things.In this sense, the adoption of idealism-being the result of Hegel's Phenomenologyimplies the rejection of the method of examination Hegel employed in the Phenomenology and the adoption of a new criterion for the sort of truth which is intended to capture the truth of thoughtdeterminations.In the Logic, Hegel suggests in the second Addition to §24, we examine thoughtdeterminations by letting them 'count for themselves'.In other words, we examine thoughtdeterminations by applying to them Hegel's criterion for 'philosophical' truth-'agreement with self'.8Hegel makes the same point later in the same Addition when he states that 'truth considered in the sense explained here, namely as agreement-with-self, constitutes the proper concern of logic' (EL: §24A, 62).
In this way, the second Addition to §24 supports an interpretation that views Hegel's criterion for 'philosophical' truth, 'agreement with self', as intended to examine the truth-value of thought-determinations.This conclusion is corroborated by the course of the Logic itself.Hegel opens the Logic with an examination of the thought-determination 'being'.Having no specific content, this first thought-determination fails, as Hegel puts it, 'to hold fast to its purity'.The fact that there is nothing specific about it makes 'being' a completely empty concept.Accordingly, Hegel famously concludes that being 'is in fact nothing, and neither more nor less than nothing' (SL: 59/I: 69).9What interests us here is that 'being' is not deemed finite (and hence succeeded by 'nothing') because it fails to correspond to some exterior reality, but because it is meant to be one thing but turns out to be another.In simpler terms, it is deemed finite because it is internally incoherent.
In conclusion of this section, it may be said that the method of examination in the Logic consists in applying Hegel's criterion of 'philosophical' truth to the various thoughtdeterminations in order to see 'which are the forms of the infinite and which of the finite' (EL: §24A, 62).This is reason enough to prefer 'agreement with itself' or simply 'agreement with self' as the authoritative formulation of Hegel's 'philosophical' definition of truth.10This is the case since it is the only formulation which does not refer necessarily to things and can hence be reconciled with the methodological role which Hegel's criterion of 'philosophical' truth plays in his Logic. 11In consequence, it may be said that a thought-determination is 'philosophically' true, if it is in 'agreement with itself'.In other words, a thought-determination is true, if it is internally coherent.
III.The truth-value of things.
After observing that, for Hegel, the criterion for 'philosophical' truth serves to examine the truthvalue of thought-determinations, we return to the question about the truth-value of things.Hegel's position on this matter is clear from his statement in the second Addition to §24 that 'God alone is the true agreement of the concept with reality' (EL: §24A, 62).Hegel goes so far as to add that, unlike 'God', 'all finite things have an untruth: they possess a concept and a concrete existence that is, however, inadequate to the concept' (EL: §24A, 62).
In this context, two points are especially worth noting.First, we note that, in Hegel's words, 'God' is a technical term.It does not denote a religious object but rather a thought-determinationthe absolute idea. 12This is evident, among other places, from Hegel's Remark to §213 of the Encyclopaedia, where he states that the absolute idea 'is the truth; for the truth is this, that objectivity corresponds to the concept' (EL: §213R, 283).For this reason, and even though Hegel's precise words are that 'all finite things have an untruth', we should not assume that there are infinite things that are true.Saying that only 'God' is true, accompanied with the clarification that 'God' is not a thing, is thus equivalent to saying that things are never 'philosophically' true.
Second, we note that, in the above citation, things are deemed finite or untrue since they fall short of their concepts.This might appear to contradict our conclusion from the last section, namely that Hegel's criterion for 'philosophical' truth is 'agreement with self'.But for a thing, falling short of its concept is a certain way of disagreeing with itself.Hegel points to this when he speaks of 'the agreement of the object with itself, i.e. with its concept' (EL: §172A, 246).In this sense, the agreement of the object with its concept is a variant on Hegel's universal criterion for 'philosophical' truth-'agreement with self'.
In this light, Hegel's words in the second Addition to §24 appear as a textual indication that, unlike the absolute, things are never 'philosophically' true since they are never in 'agreement with self'.In his Remark to §213, Hegel makes similar claims: the individual thing (which is the type of thing we are concerned with here 13 ) 'does not correspond to its concept; this limitation of 12 Sans made this point as well (Sans 2016: 400).
its existence constitutes its finitude and its demise' (EL: §213R, 283).The adjective 'finite' is, in this context, antonymous with the adjective 'true', given that the latter is used in the strict sense of being 'in agreement with self'.This is consistent with Hegel's words from the Science of Logic: 'finite [… that is] unfit to hold the truth' (SL: 18/I: 17).
But what is the theory behind this position?This is not the place to go into Hegel's theory of finitude in any sufficient detail. 14But is still possible to note at least one sense in which, for Hegel, things inherently fall short of their concepts.Think of a specific animal, say a tiger.For Hegel, any specific tiger falls short of the concept of the tiger, since the universal concept of the tiger covers many cases of particular tigers: Bengal tigers and Siberian tigers, young tigers and old tigers, etc.In other words, things inherently fall short of their concepts since no individual thing can ever fully incarnate the plurality inscribed in a universal.Robert Pippin recently made this observation with the help of an example: 'a particular horse is not "what horseness is"' (Pippin 2018: 96).There are more senses in which things inherently fall short of their concepts, and even more senses in which they inherently disagree with themselves, but we need not address them in this context. 15From what has preceded, we may already conclude that things fall short of their concepts inherently.In consequence, 'philosophical' truth is never a property of things.
But if things are never true in the 'deeper, i.e. philosophical sense', how are we to understand Hegel's illustrations of a 'true friend' or a 'true work of art'?In order to solve this difficulty, it is necessary to consider these illustrations in greater detail.In the second Addition to §24, Hegel affirms that Incidentally, the deeper (i.e.philosophical) meaning of truth can already be found to some extent in the ordinary use of language.Thus, for instance, we speak of a true friend and mean by that someone whose way of acting conforms to the concept of friendship.
Similarly, we speak of a true work of art.(EL: §24A, 62) 14 For a fuller discussion of this point, see Stern 2009.I note parenthetically that it is hard to reconcile Stern's position that 'material' truth 'is attributed to something on the basis of the accordance of the thing with its essence' (Stern 1993: 645) with his own interpretation of Hegel's idealism of the finite-namely, that finite things lack 'veritable being' (Stern 2009: 62).In my eyes, it appears that saying that finite things lack 'veritable being' is synonymous with saying that things like 'friends', 'states' and 'works of art' cannot be 'materially' true. 15Think for example of what Hegel refers to as the 'flawed individuality' of objects, namely that objects are both 'self-subsistent' and determined by their dependence on other objects and concepts.In their 'lack of selfsufficiency, the objects remain equally self-sufficient, resistant, external to one another' (EL: §195-96, 270-73).
truth is in fact contaminated and concealed by the immediacy of sense' (LFA: 9/I: 23).In other segments from his Lectures, Hegel further argues that on account of art's dysfunctionality 'the mode in which artistic forms appear is called a deception in comparison with philosophical thinking and with religious and moral principles' (LFA: 9/I: 23).For this reason, Hegel concludes, 'art counts no longer as the highest mode in which truth fashions an existence for itself' (LFA: 103/I: 141).
These short remarks are not intended as a thorough discussion of the finitude or untruth of artworks. 16Their role is simply to confirm our hypothesis that artworks suffer from some sort of internal contradiction and hence disagree with themselves.In like manner, they confirm our hypothesis that when Hegel speaks of a 'true work of art', he does not refer to a case of 'philosophical' truth but rather elucidates the latter with the help of an imperfect illustration that is only valid 'incidentally' and 'to some extent'.This is also the place to note that in so far as the artistic sphere is more developed and hence truer than the social and political spheres, the demonstration that artworks are never 'philosophically' true may be considered valid a fortiori with respect to states, friends, etc.

IV. Conclusion
In my remarks on Hegel's concept of 'philosophical' truth, my argumentation obeyed the following line of reasoning.Since Hegel introduces this concept in order to decide 'the question concerning the truth of the thought-determinations', 'philosophical' truth could not be a property of things alone.Since Hegel explicitly indicates that 'individual things' are 'finite things' that 'have an untruth' and that 'God alone is the true agreement of the concept with reality', 'philosophical' truth could not be a property of things at all.Our discussion of Hegel's illustrations of 'philosophical' truth ('true friend', 'true state', 'true work of art'), demonstrating that they are not examples but only imperfect illustrations, strengthened this conclusion.
That things have a truth-value is a distinctive and well-known characteristic of Hegel's theory of truth.Scholars have rightly insisted on this point.But affirming it should not be confused with arguing that 'philosophical' truth, for Hegel, is a property of things.On the contrary, from what has preceded it follows that even though things have a truth-value for Hegel, the latter is

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Lesser' Logic are indeed only different formulations of one and the same definition of truth in the 'deeper, i.e. philosophical sense'.
It should first be noted that the question of Hegel's definition of 'philosophical' truth is complicated by the fact that many of Hegel's discussions of truth in the 'deeper, i.e. philosophical sense' appear most explicitly in the Additions to the Encyclopaedia (EL: §24A, 62; §172A, 246-247; §213A, 284), that are usually considered to be less authoritative texts since they originate in notes taken by his students.Nevertheless, the secondary literature on this question has been very much focused on these Additions as they contain Hegel's most explicit discussions of 'philosophical' truth.Hegel's illustrations ('true friend', 'true state', 'true work of art'), for