Vascular Contributions to Neurodegeneration: Protocol of the COMPASS-ND Study

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the neuroimaging and other methods for assessing vascular contributions to neurodegeneration in the Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia (COMPASS-ND) study, a Canadian multi-center, prospective longitudinal cohort study, including reliability and feasibility in the first 200 participants. Methods: COMPASS-ND includes persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD; n = 150), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Lewy body dementias (LBDs) (200), mixed dementia (200), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; 400), subcortical ischemic vascular MCI (V-MCI; 200), subjective cognitive impairment (SCI; 300), and cognitively intact elderly controls (660). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was acquired according to the validated Canadian Dementia Imaging Protocol and visually reviewed by either of two experienced readers blinded to clinical characteristics. Other relevant assessments include history of vascular disease and risk factors, blood pressure, height and weight, cholesterol, glucose, and hemoglobin A1c. Results: Analyzable data were obtained in 197/200 of whom 18 of whom were clinically diagnosed with V-MCI or mixed dementia. The overall prevalence of infarcts was 24.9%, microbleeds was 24.6%, and high white matter hyperintensity (WMH) was 31.0%. MRI evidence of a potential vascular contribution to neurodegeneration was seen in 12.9%–40.0% of participants clinically diagnosed with another condition such as AD. Inter-rater reliability was good to excellent. Conclusion: COMPASS-ND will be a useful platform to study vascular brain injury and its association with risk factors, biomarkers, and cognitive and functional decline across multiple age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Initial findings show that MRI-defined vascular brain injury is common in all cognitive syndromes and is under-recognized clinically.


INTRODUCTION
Neurodegeneration has many causes. However, there is increasing evidence that different causes of neurodegeneration share similar molecular mechanisms and converge on shared pathways to cause network dysfunction and cognitive decline. The Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia (COMPASS-ND) study is a Canada-wide prospective cohort study to investigate multiple different causes of neurodegeneration, and their interactions, in a single study. with a comprehensive protocol. 1 One of the most common contributors to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline is cerebrovascular disease, which can lead to vascular brain lesions that cause cognitive impairment. In this paper, we describe the methods for investigating vascular brain lesions in the COMPASS-ND study, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement. Although the overall protocol for COMPASS-ND has been published, it did not include the methods for MRI review and their reliability. 1 Initial findings from the first wave of study 200 participants are presented. We hypothesized that vascular brain injury would be common across all cognitive disorders even if not recognized at the time of enrollment.

Patient Population
COMPASS-ND is a Canada-wide multi-center prospective, longitudinal cohort study. The overall study design and methods have been published previously. 1 The study is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03402919). In brief, the objective is to create a platform for research on neurodegenerative and vascular causes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Recruitment began in 2016 and is expected to complete in approximately 2023. The study is conducted with ethical approval by institutional review boards at each site, with written informed consent of the participants. In this manuscript we report the methods for assessing vascular contributions to neurodegeneration, with interim findings.
Diagnoses are made by the site investigator based on all available clinical and research information available at the time of assessment. A screening diagnosis is made based on the information from the referral and screening along with referral information including clinical neuroimaging, and then a clinical diagnosis is made additionally incorporating information collected at the research clinical and physical assessment but prior to research MRI or other biomarker information. Group analyses in this paper are based on the clinical diagnosis groupings.
Based on a priori scientific interest, two groups of patients with vascular cognitive impairment were identified using specific selection criteria: subcortical ischemic V-MCI, and mixed etiology dementia with a vascular component. Criteria for V-MCI were derived from consensus criteria from the American Heart Association 2 and International Society for Vascular Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (Vas-Cog). 3 V-MCI participants were required to be age ≥60, have MCI according to National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association criteria (NIA-AA), 4 not have a prior history of clinical stroke, and to have evidence of cerebrovascular disease on brain computed tomography (CT) or MRI defined as two or more supratentorial infarcts (i.e., excluding brainstem or cerebellar infarcts) or beginning confluent or confluent white matter hyperintensity (WMH) according to the Age-Related White Matter Change (ARWMC) scale 5 on any slice. For the V-MCI group, participants with history of symptomatic stroke were excluded so that the focus is on V-MCI caused by covert cerebrovascular disease, predominantly due to cerebral small vessel disease. Criteria for mixed dementia were adapted from NIA-AA criteria for dementia due to AD 6 and required that a non-AD cause of dementia should additionally be present. Although the presence of vascular disease was not required for the mixed dementia group, in practice most cases of mixed dementia have a vascular component. 7 Persons with symptomatic stroke within the last year were excluded. Full details of the study inclusion and exclusion criteria are provided in the online-only supplement (online Table I).

Measurements and Outcomes
Data on age, sex, past medical and surgical history, medications, tobacco and alcohol intake, hearing, and vision are collected. Cognitive and neurobehavioral measurements include the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 8 Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, 9 Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist 10 and Apathy questionnaire. The Hachinski Ischemic Score 11 is collected. A two-hour neuropsychological test battery is administered. Full details of these assessments have been published previously. 1 Participants will be followed for two years with a repeat of these assessments at two years. At this time, repeat brain imaging is not planned.
Physiological measurements include sitting and orthostatic blood pressure, height and weight (to calculate body mass index), and waist and hip circumference. Blood measurements include complete blood count, creatinine, hemoglobin A1c, insulin, homocysteine, C-reactive protein, high-density and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL), and apolipoprotein B. Lumbar puncture is offered as a voluntary option and will be analyzed THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES for beta-amyloid, total tau, and phosphorylated tau. Additional measurements potentially relevant to defining vascular contributions to neurodegeneration are shown in Table 1.
Brain MRI are acquired using the previously validated Canadian Dementia Imaging Protocol (www.cdip-pcid.ca). 12,13 The protocol is summarized in Table 2. Compliant with the Standards for Reporting Vascular Changes on Imaging (STRIVE), 14 it was harmonized on three major vendor platforms and includes a common procedure for qualification, quality control, and quality assurance.
A Vascular Core Lab for visual review of brain MRI is distributed between the University of Calgary and Sunnybrook Hospital (University of Toronto). Each MRI is visually reviewed for evidence of vascular brain injury by one of two trained readers qualified by the Vascular Core Lab. Readers are required to be neurologists or radiologists with more than five years of clinical experience with cerebrovascular lesions on MRI, to complete a training module, and to exhibit good inter-rater reliability on a training set (kappa ≥ 0.60) for common vascular lesions (presence of brain infarcts, presence of microbleeds, and Fazekas WMH rating scale 15 ). MRI scans are reviewed, blinded to clinical information, using a standardized case report form. Infarcts, microbleeds, and WMH are defined according to STRIVE. 14 Infarcts are classified by size, number, location, and vascular territory, which allows their subdivision as lacunar versus non-lacunar type. Microbleeds are classified by number and location as in the Brain Observer Microbleeds (BOMBS) scale. 16 If microbleeds or cortical superficial siderosis are present their pattern is classified as probably, possibly, or not consistent with cerebral amyloid angiopathy as defined by revised Boston criteria. 17 When lobar microbleeds or cortical superficial siderosis were accompanied by non-lobar  microbleeds, the pattern is described as "mixed". 18 WMH are visually rated using the Fazekas Scale. 15 Each scan is visually reviewed for quality. Standard operating procedures have been developed and are stored in a study binder, following FDA guidance for imaging endpoints and guidelines for multi-center brain imaging studies. 19 Neuroimaging evidence of a potential vascular cause or contribution to cognitive decline is defined, a priori, as either the presence of two or more infarcts or beginning confluent or confluent WMH according to the ARWMC scale on any MRI or CT slice. The ARWMC scale was chosen because it is simple for sites to apply and can be used with either CT or MRI, facilitating site identification of participants for the V-MCI group. Additionally, the MRI-based Fazekas scale will be recorded. The imaging criteria for V-MCI are based on Vas-Cog criteria for pure vascular cognitive impairment, 3 but to increase sensitivity the criteria were revised to require only two infarcts instead of three and to include beginning confluent WMH instead of confluent WMH, and to increase specificity supratentorial infarcts are required. Post-hoc analyses will test the validity of these criteria for identifying patients at risk of continued cognitive decline. Strategic locations of infarcts were not part of the imaging criteria because the required locations and sizes are not precisely defined in the literature.
A visual assessment of medial temporal atrophy is made using the Scheltens scale, 20 which is rated from 0 to 4 on each side and was averaged for this analysis. Quantitative segmentation of the hippocampus using high-resolution T1-weighted is planned.
Quantitative analyses of brain images will be batched and performed near the end of the study recruitment period according to the best available methods at that time. The Canadian Dementia Imaging Protocol acquires images suitable for analysis of global and regional brain volumes including cortical thickness; DTI for analysis of white matter connectivity, and multiple BOLD volumes suitable for analyzing resting state functional connectivity.
The data from COMPASS-ND used in this paper, including MRI Digital Communication in Medicine (DICOM) is stored and curated on the Longitudinal Online Research Information System (LORIS). 21,22 Statistical Analyses, Sample Size, and Data Access Policies The study is designed to be an open access platform for secondary analyses of the risk factors, predictors, and cognitive outcomes of common neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, there is no pre-defined primary outcome.
The V-MCI group sample size of 200 was based on having 80% power to detect factors that would double the risk of progression to dementia at two years (from 20% to 40%), assuming 20% loss to follow-up at two years, alpha of 0.05, and a two-tailed p value.
Access to COMPASS-ND data will be provided to the worldwide research community according to the policies of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA; https://ccna-ccnv.ca/policies/). Project proposals should be submitted to the publications and Data Access Committee (PDAC). After study recruitment is completed, data will be provided to the Global Alzheimer's Association Interactive Network (GAAIN) for access through their portal.
To explore the feasibility of recruitment and study measurements, we present descriptive statistics of the distribution of The kappa statistic is used to test the reliability of the two readers on 50 COMPASS-ND cases (7 with infarcts and 10 with microbleeds), with values ≥0.60 indicating substantial agreement. Agreement was based on the presence or absence of any lesions of that type; there were too few participants with multiple lesions to test the reliability of lesion counts. Because these are interim, exploratory analyses without the full planned sample size, multivariable adjustments are not done and there is no adjustment for multiple comparisons. Analyses were done using SAS version 9.4 (Cary, NC). A p value of <0.05 is considered significant.

RESULTS
The first wave of 200 consenting participants were recruited from 13 sites across Canada. MRI was performed in 197 participants. One participant could not complete the MRI because their head was too large for the coil, one had an MRI incompatible prosthesis that was not recognized at the time of consent, and one declined. MRI were judged adequate for determining infarcts and WMH in all participants. Two participants (1%) did not have measurement of microbleeds or cSS because of motion (one participant) or susceptibility artifact (one participant).
Characteristics of the 197 participants who completed MRI are shown in Table 3. As expected, distribution of vascular risk factors differed across groups and was highest in the participants with V-MCI or mixed dementia (n = 18). The pre-specified radiological criteria for potential vascular contributions to cognitive impairment was seen in 34% overall, including in 8/10 with V-MCI and 7/8 with mixed dementia. Additionally, many participants in the other disease groups (ranging from 12.9% to 40.0%) also met our radiological criteria for a vascular component (Table 3).
Infarcts were seen in 24.9% (Table 4), including many with dementia due to AD (11/24). Among the 49 with infarcts the median number was 1, the maximum was 5, and the interquartile range was 1-2. However, most patients with AD had only one infarct.   Non-lacunar infarcts were not uncommon (13.7%). Infarcts were least common in participants with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). Microbleeds were seen in 25.6% including 20.0% with lobar microbleeds and 6.2% with deep microbleeds (Table 3). Among the 48 with microbleeds, the median was 2, the maximum was 14, and the interquartile range was 1-3. Only two participants had cortical superficial siderosis; one with V-MCI/mixed dementia and one with MCI.
Beginning confluent or confluent WMH was common (31.0%; Table 4). Mean Scheltens medial temporal atrophy scores were highest in patients with AD dementia ( Table 4).
Reliability of the two readers is shown in Table 5. Reliability was good to excellent for the different lesion types.
Twelve participants (6.1%) had incidental non-vascular findings: three suspected meningiomas, two pituitary masses, one presumed lipoma, one intraparenchymal brain tumor, one parotid tumor, one aneurysm, one developmental venous anomaly, one presumed dermoid cyst, and one traumatic encephalomalacia.

DISCUSSION
The COMPASS-ND study will provide a platform for investigating vascular contributions to neurodegeneration across multiple neurological diseases and syndromes in a prospective cohort study with standardized methods. The preliminary findings demonstrate the feasibility of the study protocols, and that radiological evidence of vascular brain injury was common even in participants recruited without clinical knowledge of vascular comorbidity. These findings concord with neuropathological studies at autopsy showing that mixed pathology with a vascular component is the most common cause of dementia. 23 Future analyses in the entire dataset will explore the relationship between vascular brain injury and its impact on neurodegeneration across multiple conditions, including when other neurodegenerative diseases are present. This will include analyses of the impact of vascular brain injury on cognition, behavior, activities of living, atrophy, and brain connectivity. Per COMPASS-ND data access policies, the entire de-identified dataset (n = 2310) including digital imaging compliant in medicine (DICOM) MRI images will be made available for access by the worldwide research community after study recruitment is completed.
The high prevalence of vascular brain injury in cognitively impaired persons is concordant with findings from autopsy studies in the general population. Even among persons with clinically diagnosed and neuropathologically confirmed AD, vascular pathology is common and is not a mere bystander. A large neuropathological study of the risk for AD dementia found that macroscopic infarcts accounted for 8.9%, cerebral amyloid angiopathy for 8.1%, atherosclerosis for 6.0%, and arteriolosclerosis for 5.2% of the risk. 24 Most prior studies of multiple etiology dementia have focused on the combination of AD pathology and cerebrovascular disease. The COMPASS-ND study will make an important contribution by enabling the study of vascular contributions to the expression of PD, 25 LBD, and fronto-temporal lobar degeneration, which so far have attracted less attention.
Some (3/18) of the participants recruited with into the vascular/mixed category did not meet radiological criteria for a vascular contribution (defined as multiple supratentorial infarcts or beginning confluent WMH) according to the Vascular Core Lab review. Potential reasons for this could include a lower local threshold for the degree of vascular brain injury deemed clinically sufficient to impair cognition, the presence of strategic infarcts (which were not included in the Core Lab definition based on lack of research consensus), the presence of clinical non-radiological information known only to the local team (e.g., a history of stroke that was not detected on neuroimaging), or lack of reliability between the local radiology read and the Vascular Core Lab read. Higher local sensitivity for detecting vascular brain injury could also account for this, although we suspect that instead the Vascular Core Lab was more sensitive because the MRI data were acquired using a high quality research protocol and the assessments were done by experienced readers specifically tasked with identifying vascular brain injury using standardized criteria.
We commonly found that participants had radiological evidence of vascular brain injury that may have been sufficient to support a vascular contribution to their cognitive syndrome, including 25% of the participants recruited into the AD group and 39% of the participants in the MCI group. These participants could have been recruited into the vascular/mixed group had the vascular component been recognized at the time of clinical diagnosis. Similarly, another cohort study found that 6% of participants referred to a research study with AD-dementia or AD-MCI had to be reassigned to the VCI group based on infarcts or severe WMH that were not recognized based on their clinical neuroimaging. 26 This suggests that vascular contributions to neurodegeneration are probably under-recognized in clinical practice.
Clinicians should be careful to assess whether a vascular contribution to neurodegeneration is present in any patient with cognitive symptoms or decline. Given the commonality of mixed disease, this is important even when another contributor such as AD or PD is already recognized. Our findings support recommendations for neuroimaging in cases of mild cognitive impairment or dementia. 2,27 However, the treatment of covert cerebrovascular disease is controversial with limited evidence from clinical trials. 28 At minimum, a history of vascular conditions and risk factors should be taken, blood pressure should be measured, and the pulse checked (to screen for atrial fibrillation). 28 The use of aspirin could be considered for patients with covert brain infarcts. 29 Even though definitive clinical trial evidence has not yet been amassed, it nonetheless is likely that vascular disease is the most modifiable contributor to dementia. Anything that prevents stroke will also prevent dementia. 30 Strengths of this study include the use of a standardized research MRI protocol, a centralized Vascular Core Lab following good clinical practices and FDA guidance for imaging endpoints, and MRI assessments done by qualified, experienced radiologists according to STRIVE criteria. There are also some limitations to the methods. To share the workload the Vascular Core Lab was distributed between two sites; however, we show similar inter-rater reliability of measurements as those achieved by single sites. Quantitative analyses, for example of WMH volume, have not been completed yet but the data will be made available later to the research community at large. Sequences for measuring brain volume 13 resting state functional MRI, 31 and diffusion tensor imaging have also been collected and can be used in later analyses. However, given time and resource constraints some advanced sequences relevant for vascular disease, for example for vascular reactivity and blood brain barrier permeability, 32 could not be included in the protocol.

THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES
The COMPASS-ND dataset will be an excellent resource for analyzing the vascular contributions to neurodegeneration, both within and across common neurodegenerative illnesses. Analyses are being undertaken currently by COMPASS-ND investigators, but the dataset is open to all investigators subject to COMPASS-ND data access and publication policies. This first look at our data shows that it is reliable and consistent with neuropathological evidence that vascular brain injury commonly accompanies agerelated neurodegenerative diseases. These findings support the use of neuroimaging in clinical practice to identify potentially preventable covert cerebrovascular disease.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research through the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging.

DISCLOSURES
Dr. Smith has received consulting fees from Biogen and Alnylam, and royalties from UpToDate. Dr. Duchesne is a shareholder and officer of True Positive Medical Devices Inc. Dr. Black has received consulting fees from Biogen and Roche, and receives research funding for clinical trials from Biogen, Genentech, Roche, Eli Lilly, Novartis, and Optina. The other authors report no conflicts.

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
EES analyzed study data, performed statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. SD designed the MRI acquisition protocol, analyzed study data, and revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content. FG and FS made study measurements and revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content. VW coordinated the study and reviewed and revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content. CRM maintained study databases, reviewed study data for quality, revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content. RF, SG, RC and MB contributed to study protocols and revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content. SB co-developed the MRI acquisition protocol, analyzed study data and revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content.