3079 results in Jagiellonian University Press
Chapter 5 - Articles in SLA Research
- Justyna Leœniewska
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- Book:
- Articles in English as a Second Language
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 91-110
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
In view of the immense complexity of the English article system, as well as its high level of difficulty, as discussed in the preceding chapters, the challenge facing learners of English as a second language seems considerable. The previous chapter has shown the numerous reasons why articles may cause difficulty for ESL learners, especially for those whose L1 contains no articles. As has already been mentioned, research findings confirm the significant difficulties that learners encounter with articles, but also provide information on other aspects of article acquisition and use. The overview below provides the most important facts about articles in L2 acquisition that have been established by researchers.
It should be noted here that information about the acquisition and use of articles is available from studies with a wide range of research topics, since any study dealing with learner language may gather information on the learners’ use of articles, among many other language features. This makes it impossible to consider every single study which mentions articles, and the review of literature presented in this chapter is necessarily selective, discussing mostly studies which are concerned primarily with articles, but also selected ones in which articles were not the main focus of inquiry.
CROSSLINGUISTIC ASPECTS
From the vast body of research on articles, the finding about articles in L2 English which emerges with by far the greatest robustness and clarity is the observation that learners who do not have an article system in their L1 find it more difficult to acquire articles in an L2. The first observations about the crosslinguistic effects of learners’ article use were made already in the early days of second language acquisition research. An important paradigm in the emerging field of applied linguistics, derived from Bloomfieldian linguistics, was that of contrastive analysis. Its basic assumption was that areas of difficulty in language learning can be identified and anticipated for speakers of a specific L1 on the basis of a comparison of the learner's language with the target language. The more different the rules were, the more problematic their learning was expected to be in an L2.
PART 6 - MULTIMODALITY
- Edited by Michal Choinski, Malgorzata Cierpisz
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- Book:
- New Perspectives in English and American Studies
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 455-456
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Colonialism and Its Aftermath in The Lord of the Rings: Postcolonial Reflections on Tolkien's Imperial Fantasy
- Edited by Robert Kusek, Beata Piatek, Wojciech Szymanski
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- Book:
- Aftermath
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 221-234
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I know nothing about British or American Imperialism in the far East that does not fill me with regret and disgust.
(Tolkien 1981: 115, letter 100)The campaigns that give direction and coherence to Tolkien's fantasy The Lord of the Rings register a much longer history of migration – much of it enforced – a great deal of which is laid out in detail in closely affiliated texts. This complex, conquest narrative converts to colonialism at important points; it also includes a signal instance of decolonisation, marking the final phase of Tolkien's fantastic history. Aragorn, clearly the most charismatic hero on the Ring quest, coming finally into his own as King Elessar, undertakes a royal itinerarium, bestowing lands and rights on those who committed themselves to the Western alliance against Sauron. Most interestingly, he proclaims that Ghan-buri-Ghan and his folk, the Drúedain, will no longer suffer the hostile designs of those who have dominated their territory: “The Forest of Druadan he gives to Ghan-buri-Ghan and to his folk, to be their own for ever; and hereafter let no man enter it without their leave” (Tolkien 1966: 254). In effect, Aragorn withdraws absolutely from this territory and, representatively, confirms earlier negotiations establishing borders that prohibit any order of imperial or colonial interest in this domain. Decolonisation, in effect, gets to have its day on Middle-earth.
The Drúedain (Woses or Wild Men) appear to have come late to Tolkien’s fantasy and, therefore, to the paratextual commentaries on his history of Middle-earth. They occupy a place in the larger narrative almost by accident; their sudden presence brings immediate profit to the alliance against Mordor, but, I argue, it also disturbs the overwhelming sense of a normative set of purposes on Middle-earth. The Drúedain assist in the conflict with Sauron, but do so without any significant commitment to the enlarged fellowship; rather, they are strictly motivated by typifying, justified hatred of the orcs. It is part of my business in this paper to return the Drúedain to history – ours – besides that in which Tolkien placed them, where in fact, life just goes on, it seems, on the edges of the headline narratives of this world. In this, they are indeed not unlike the hobbits – with whom they are sometimes compared – whose modern experience is mostly one of comfortable invisibility.
Contents
- Justyna Leœniewska
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- Book:
- Articles in English as a Second Language
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 5-8
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The Lexical Encoding of “Activity” in English and Slovak Tourist Texts
- Edited by Magdalena Szczyrbak, Zygmunt Mazur
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- Book:
- New Perspectives in English and American Studies
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 96-110
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
In the conceptual environment moulded by the trends of globalization with an ever deeper penetration of digital technologies into the sphere of communication, tourist texts represent a genre that still offers the possibility of analysing and comparing the preferences guiding the lexical patterns that are indigenous to the cultures at hand – especially if local providers are targeted as the text producer. Unlike the language of business, technology and hard science that is either English itself with its various Englishes used by non-native speakers (cf. Trakulkasemuk and Pingkarawat 2010; Seidlhofer 2010) or, if a different language is concerned, it is highly penetrated by internationalisms, the language employed to promote recreation in a certain destination is often driven by the local images of what is perceived as the sought-after values – especially if not managed by worldwide operators in the business of tourism. It is therefore assumed that by studying corpora of tourist texts produced by local providers in Great Britain and Slovakia, individual cultural preferences behind the lexical choices made can be distilled and compared, thus gaining insights into the cultures studied.
THE GENRE OF TOURIST TEXTS
From the point of view of function, the role of tourist texts is both to inform and to persuade the target reader, which means they can be classified as an instance of what Bhatia (1993: 45–75) calls “promotional genres.” One of the most important stylistic features thus consists in foregrounding the communicative purpose of persuading, attracting, motivating and influencing potential customers (cf. Torresi 2010). If the wider socio-economic context is considered, advertising is a phenomenon inseparable from the free-market economy – an economic model that has been imported to Eastern Europe after the collapse of the communist bloc in 1989 from Western Europe and the United States. While in the latter two regions the genre has undergone more than a hundred years of intense development, the post-communist countries have witnessed a major expansion of advertising only in the last few decades. It could thus be claimed that the genre is still in search of its proper identity in the given context.
Life, End of: Secular Eschatology in Christine Brooke-Rose's Out and Anna Kavan's Ice
- Edited by Robert Kusek, Beata Piatek, Wojciech Szymanski
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- Book:
- Aftermath
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 119-130
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Introduction
Speaking of liminal events and borderline experiences, in her influential work Powers of Horror Julia Kristeva theorises the abject, assessing it to be something that essentially “disturbs identity, system, order. What does not respect borders, positions, rules. The in-between, the ambiguous, the composite” (Kristeva 1982: 4). The dynamics and violence inherent to abjection, oftentimes “articulated by negation and its modalities, transgression, denial, and repudiation” (6; emphases in the original), seem very pertinent to contemporary understandings of notions of the event and the aftermath, both of which appear to be characterised by intrinsic subversiveness, non-concreteness, and abjectal transgressiveness. An important subject to a whole host of theoreticians, including Baudrillard, Deleuze, or Derrida, they have already been conceptualised in academia in a number of ways that account for their complex ontic status. To exemplify: following Lyotard's theory of libidinal economy, one could equate an event with an instance of an energetic (or libidinal) influx into a formal (e.g., societal) system, which that system cannot contain or structure. It is a rupture in its workflow; something that goes beyond the normal and the quotidian, and what cannot be contextualised by an individual in its entirety, not unlike the object of Kristeva’s abjection. In this sense,
The truth of a being, since we must speak in this way, taken as a sign, turns out to be situated outside the sign, and even […] above it. This being signifies something other than what it is: it signifies that of which it is the simulacrum, but, because it is not what it signifies, it also signifies the distance which keeps them apart, dissimilitude, the lack of being which separates them. (Lyotard 2015: 84; emphases in the original)
Such a polarising and, in many ways, unorthodox understanding of the event is a sort of volta in the postmodern intellectual thought. Thus interpreted, the structuration of whole societies, of cultural heritage, and of art, is based on the economy of libidinal energies, where people's interactions with one another are contingent on a haphazard flow of libidinal energy, which in itself bespeaks the chaotic status of an event, nullifying its supposed regularity.
The Anxiety of the Lion Influence: The Place of the Lion and Narnia
- Edited by Michal Choinski, Malgorzata Cierpisz
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- Book:
- New Perspectives in English and American Studies
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 339-349
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It began as a nightmare. I was being followed through a house of many passages by lions and came out down a backstair onto a moonlit lawn. A figure approached – touched my hand – ‘Hallo Jack!’ – and it was Charles. And I knew that everything (lions included) was ALL RIGHT. I live on him almost every day. Sometimes I have felt he was just beside me and almost heard him say, with his inimitable gaiety, ‘You know, the only reason I don't appear is that it would be … well, bad manners.’
(C.S. Lewis to Michal Williams, 1948, in Lindop 2015: 427)The Place of the Lion, a 1931 „spiritual shocker” by Charles Williams, an editor of the Oxford University Press and a member of the Inklings, opens with a chapter in which Mr Berringer walks around his house at night and is attacked by a lioness, which transforms into the titular lion. C.S. Lewis’s troubled dreams, following his friend's death in 1945, closely replay the Berringer-lioness scene and testify to the major imprint Williams left on his life. They also give some clues as to the mysterious appearance of the Narnian Lion in Lewis's creative puzzle, completing and invigorating the picture of a faun he carried in his imagination since his youth (Lewis, “It All Began with a Picture” 529). As he recollects in his essays:
At first I had very little idea how the story would go. But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time. Apart from that, I don't know where the Lion came from or why He came. But once He was there He pulled the whole story together, and soon He pulled the six other Narnian stories in after Him. (ibid.)
This unwillingness to accept the influence of his colleague, whose charismatic presence animated the meetings in the Eagle and Child (1936-1945), have formed the undercurrent of their relationship from its inception to Williams's death, and well after it.
“It Is, After All, a Communication with Ghosts”: Correspondences by Anne Michaels and Bernice Eisenstein as a Historical and Personal Elegy in the Aftermath of the Holocaust
- Edited by Robert Kusek, Beata Piatek, Wojciech Szymanski
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- Book:
- Aftermath
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 39-50
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Introduction
The aim of this text is to discuss a unique volume published in 2013 entitled Correspondences written by Anne Michaels and illustrated by Bernice Eisenstein. Classified as poetry, the volume is a blend of various genres such as elegy, grief memoir, and graphic biography, and, as such, offers an exceptional experience of commemorating the death of Michaels's father, as well as grappling with the aftermath of the Holocaust. On the one hand, and on one side of pages, the text is a long, elegiac poem in which Michaels tries to cope with the haunting images of her deceased father, Isaiah; and on the other, it also becomes, through drawings provided by Eisenstein, a communal Kaddish (cf. Hirsch 2002: 247) for those who either lost their lives in the Holocaust or were profoundly influenced by its experience. According to Hirsch, the Eastern European tradition of writing “memorial books” for the future generations living in diaspora is modelled on “ancient and medieval Jewish practices” (246) and such books record “the genocide that annihilated those communities” (ibid.). Moreover, she continues, “they contain photographs as well as texts, individual and group portraits evoking life as it was before” (ibid., emphasis in the original). Correspondences, then, is a volume which subscribes to this tradition simultaneously changing and developing it. The text, written by a second generation poet and writer, not only commemorates the death of the first generation but also offers the forthcoming ones a chance to “find a lost origin, where they can learn about the time and place they will never see” (247). The book, through its unusual form, incorporating portraits, quotations from various sources, and an elegiac, biographical poem – and through an interconnectedness among these elements – challenges the traditional form of commemoration of the traumatic event and, due to its meditation on the haunting presence of the dead and the memory of a traumatic event, proves to be a novel way of approaching the aftermath or “after-effect of a seminal event” (Kusek, Piątek, and Szymański 2019: 10) both to the society and individuals. The interplay of drawings and text demonstrates the mutual influences between these two modes of artistic expression, history and literature, mourning and commemoration, and, according to one of the critics, this volume is “another example of the way grief can be a catalyst for art” (Connors 2013).
Strindbergs Intima teatern, svensk dramatik och Sveriges Dramatikers Studio
- Edited by Jan Balbierz
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- Book:
- Strindberg and the Western Canon
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 211-224
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Summary
I mitten av det moderna genombrottets årtionde, 1880-talet, skrev August Strindberg artikeln “Teatrarna i svenska societeten”. Artikeln var del av en serie för den franska tidskriften Nouvelle Revue, och handlade om svensk teater och dramatik i Sverige (Strindberg 1999). Enligt Strindberg fanns det inte någon inhemsk svensk dramatik att tala om eftersom de svenska författarna var oförmögna att skriva dramatik. Med tanke på tidpunkten kan påståendet tolkas som ett sätt att positionera sig gentemot de starka kvinnliga dramatikerna under perioden. Strindberg syn delades av flera kritiker (jfr Ollén 1966:53).
Samtidigt hade Strindberg egna, nya planer för sitt dramatiska skrivande, som lanserades med pjäserna Fadren, Fröken Julie och Fordringsägare inspirerade av Zolas manifest om naturalismen (Zola 1881). Fadren hade också fått ett förord skrivet av Zola. Strindberg återkom i olika sammanhang till den svenska teatern och dramatikens brister. Som en av den svenska teaterns kritiker, blev Strindberg, som känt, också en av teaterns förnyare. Vid Strindbergs Intima teatern, som invigdes 1907, utvecklades idéer från hans Skandinaviska Försöksteatern, som han startade i Köpenhamn i slutet av 1880-talet. Tankarna om den lilla salongen, skådespelarnas spelstil och talets betydelse utvecklades vid Intima teatern, men även symbolistiskt inspirerade försök med ljus och rörelse.
En av dem som inspirerades av Strindberg och Intima teatern, var författaren och regissören Brita von Horn som fanns på plats när teatern slog upp dörrarna. Hon var där på ett av sina första recensentuppdrag. Von Horn startade flera teatrar under 1900-talets första hälft varav Sveriges Dramatikers Studio, som hon grundade 1940 tillsammans med Vilhelm Moberg, blev den mest långlivade. Med von Horn finns en direkt koppling mellan Strindbergs Intima teater och Sveriges Dramatikers Studio fram till Sveriges dramatikerförbund i våra dagar.
Svensk dramatik i motgång
I ett svenskt teaterhistoriskt perspektiv har det ofta inneburit en risk för en teater att enbart spela svensk dramatik. De teatrar som försökte tvingades inom några år att stänga eller ändra sin repertoar. Det gällde både de teatrar som gav mer populärt inriktad dramatik och de som hade en smalare repertoar. Ett exempel på en teater där det spelades uteslutande svensk dramatik var den Svenska teatern som grundades av hovbibliotekarien och översättaren Karl Fredrik Ristell, år 1787, på entreprenad med särskilt kungligt tillstånd.
Suffering of Children in Auschwitz – Biological and Mental Extermination
- Edited by Janina Kostkiewicz
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- Book:
- Crime without Punishment
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 05 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 71-98
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Abstract: This article addresses the biological and mental extermination of children at the KL Auschwitz camp. Physical extermination was executed through starvation, poor sanitary conditions, and the spread of diseases, the inability to meet basic biological needs, the elimination of children in gas chambers and by burning them on bonfires, beatings, the murder of newborns, or Doctor Mengele's pseudo-scientific experiments. In accounts by prisoners and witnesses, the extermination camp is depicted as a well-organised system of mental abuse of children. The article presents the way young prisoners functioned in inhumane living conditions dominated by ruthlessness, death, and fear, where meeting their basic needs was made impossible, where they were deprived of humanity, but also, how they learned to survive within the camp reality.
Keywords: Auschwitz, children, extermination camp, physical and mental suffering
The scale and enormity of suffering endured by children during World War II cannot be described in words, but as long we continue to speak of it – including those of us who were born many years after the war and know this subject only from written records, books, and camp memories we preserve the memory of those who deserve to be commemorated forever. The suffering of children in KL Auschwitz consisted of enormous physical and emotional extermination.
The largest concentration camp established within Polish territory, KL Auschwitz, was designed for inmates from southern Poland and Silesia. The parent camp, along with two camp complexes, Birkenau and Monowitz, which were established after the population of villages adjacent to the town of Auschwitz was displaced, constituted the largest German/Nazi death camp, witnessing the extermination of 4 million people from all over Europe under German occupation, including children (Boczek, Boczek, Wilczur, 1979, p. 57). Construction of the Auschwitz camp was commenced at the turn of April and May of 1940 and as early as on June 14th 1940, the first transport of 700 inmates, including a number of young Poles, but no children under the age of 14, reached Auschwitz. On March 1st 1941, Heinrich Himmler visited Auschwitz for the first time and ordered the expansion of the parent camp.
Branding of Time as a New Direction in Tomorrow’s Management
- Edited by Bogdan Nogalski , Piotr Buła
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- Book:
- The Future of Management
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- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 201-209
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Summary
The text is dedicated to the memory of Prof.Janusz Teczke
Abstract
Time is the most precious good. The human civilization has improved through the management of time. Even in prehistorical societies, the understanding of time was set up by leaders guessing its importance. It was especially the human who had an idea of stopping time, which can essentially be seen in mythology and tales. The importance of the representation of a time span through painting and writing has been and still remains the need of humans. The Stonehenge and other mega structures were erected by gatherers and hunters to measure time. People are interested in how black holes are organised not because all of them share an interest in astronomy but rather due to the fact that some believe that black holes actually stop time. Time is always with people, people are concerned about time. The marketing of time forms a new era, but the branding of time which is the topic of this article is an entirely new phenomenon. Is it possible to brand time span, or to brand time in general?
Our assumption was that if time could be sold and bought, it could be branded. The research hypothesis is that companies have not made strategic brand management of their time as well as managers undertaking branding of their time have fallen into chaos. The study was conducted in two stages. We used convenience sample in telephone interview CATI, calling Georgian companies. Stage one involved a pilot study of time branding cases. Stage two consisted in inviting respondents to a marketing research laboratory at Caucasus International University for a qualitative marketing research. We used historical analyses as the approach to secondary marketing research.
The research finding is that time not only can be branded but it is obvious that Strategic Brand Management of Time can bring big advantages and additional profits for those who own this scarce resource.
Keywords: branding of time, time marketing, strategic brand management of time
Introduction Time branding was the main idea of this marketing research study. There are few scientific papers about time branding, but evidence of this phenomenon can be seen in our culture and traditions.
Evental Research… After the Future of Work
- Edited by Robert Kusek, Beata Piatek, Wojciech Szymanski
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- Book:
- Aftermath
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- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 06 November 2021
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2022, pp 207-218
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Summary
This essay explores the value of artistic research through the concept of the “event.” Today, “events” are increasingly understood as disastrous or catastrophic happenings which signal the end of the world. In anticipation of these “events” new forms of subjectivity emerge which reduce creativity and imaginative activity to normative modes of survival. As an “event” is always that which breaks with normative modes of existence, this paper argues for an evental conception of artistic research which can cultivate the “significance” of events as generators of innovation, critique, and collective meaning making. Navigating the various ways that “events” can be reified and “neutralised” through traditional analytical frameworks, this paper privileges the exploration of “events” through practice. Within this content, a long term artistic research project titled: After the Future… of Work (2017–2019), was set up to engage local communities on the future of work after the 2008 recession. By identifying and working through a deeper understanding of the relationship between risk, significance, and subjectivity, these practices support an affirmative orientation towards the event, one which produces new collective subjectivities through the exploration of “events qua events.”
Artistic Research
There has been significant tension around the language used to define artistic research in recent years. This language indicates a set of the disciplinary conflicts between artistic practice and academic discourse that is played out through a diverse lexicon of key terms. These key terms aim to either protect artistic practice from academic discourse or to expand on its potential synthesis as a new form, and include: “practice-based research”; “practice-led research”; “practice-driven research”; “research-through-practice”; “performance research”; “practice-research”; and “artistic research.” Within these debates, Henk Borgdorff has elaborated on the concept of “artistic research,” which he characterises as a performance of “unfinished thinking,” that is, as a type of research which is not so much about the production of knowledge as it is about the performance of the relationship between knowledge and non/knowledge, a thinking “in, with, and through” artistic modes of production (Borgdorff 2012: 1). Drawing attention to the lack of historical analysis within this field, Borgdorff calls for a deeper historical engagement with the relationships between “art, academy and research” (ibid.).
Appendix 3
- Justyna Leœniewska
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- Book:
- Articles in English as a Second Language
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2022, pp 227-230
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Summary
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The sentences and texts below do not have articles. Write the articles in the correct places, as in the example.
Example: He is the most wonderful person I’ve ever met.
1. I often wake up in middle of night.
2. Smoking cigarettes results in 30-fold increase in chance of contracting lung cancer.
3. I think I’ll have nightmares about it for rest of my life.
4. People should be judged on merit of their character.
5. There are many interesting places in distant north where you can experience true arctic winter.
6. He made some final corrections and few slight changes in phrasing of his report, and then sent it to his boss.
7. This magazine has strong position in nexus of global multi-national media.
8. He was waiting for me at top of stairs.
9. Building which you can see on far edge of square is university library.
10. They were discussing political situation in Middle East.
11. Small-group activities, though requiring more work on part of instructor, can be effective strategy for promoting classroom engagement.
12. If you look at underside of your laptop, you should find sticker certifying authenticity of software installed on device.
13. Our approach to university admissions relies on factor of competition.
14. Please tell us where you were at time of explosion.
15. He was slowing down as race went on, but then he found new energy for last lap.
16. Evaluating teachers largely on basis of student test scores is not good idea.
PART 3 - GENERAL AMERICAN STUDIES
- Edited by Michal Choinski, Malgorzata Cierpisz
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- Book:
- New Perspectives in English and American Studies
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2022, pp 229-230
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Montessori Learning Environment Beneficial for Awakening of Self-authoring Features
- Edited by Krzysztof Gerc, Boguslawa Piasecka
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- Book:
- Contextual Axiological Conditions of Mental Resilience and Health
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2022, pp 171-188
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Abstract
The self-authorship theory merges the problem of changes of man`s personality with the issues of cultural patterns and social conditions. Self-authorship covers an organized set of dispositions which enable a person to find himself in contemporary culture, facilitate him to achieve a state of willful subjectivity, to take full advantage of autonomy given to him. Education can assist (or not) a person in finding such capabilities, thanks to which he will be able to consciously direct his attitudes towards himself and the world. Montessori`s educational method is treated a kind of help for a person in developing his individual life potential in the direction of gaining independence. So, the research question was set: What are affective meanings of school as well as general and ideal experiences of graduates of Montessori classes, regarded as the prospect of supporting the self-authorship development? The questionnaire Self-Reflection on Education in the Montessori System prepared by the author based on H. Hermans's Self- Confrontation Method, was used for assessment of emotional meanings of school experiences. The research covered 69 graduates of Maria Montessori Primary School No. 27 in Lublin. The analysis of the obtained results confirms, that the affective climate of the Montessori learning environment proves that the school space was an area of self-affirmation of the respondents. The Montessori prepared environment enabled respondents to fulfill their aspirations and desires, to engage in cooperation with others. It provided a relative balance of stimuli stimulating the child to competition and cooperation, and at the same time to self-enhancement and contact with others in the studied graduates of Montessori classes.
Keywords: self-authorship theory, Montessori learning environment
Środowisko edukacyjne Montessori jako kontekst przebudzenia osobowości autorskiej Streszczenie
Teoria osobowości autorskiej łączy problem przemian osobowości człowieka z kwestiami przeobrażeń wzorców kulturowych i warunków społecznych. Osobowość autorską kreuje uporządkowany zestaw dyspozycji, które umożliwiają osobie odnalezienie się we współczesnej kulturze, ułatwiają osiągnięcie stanu świadomej podmiotowości, pełne korzystanie z przysługującej mu autonomii. Edukacja może pomóc (lub nie) osobie w znalezieniu takich możliwości, dzięki czemu będzie w stanie świadomie ukierunkować swoje postawy wobec siebie i świata. Pedagogika Montessori traktowana jest jako rodzaj pomocy udzielanej osobie w rozwijaniu jej indywidualnego potencjału życiowego, w kierunku zyskania niezależności.
School Climate: Teachers’ Perspective. A Report from a Study on Elementary Schools Faced with Poland’s Current Education Reform
- Edited by Krzysztof Gerc, Boguslawa Piasecka
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- Book:
- Contextual Axiological Conditions of Mental Resilience and Health
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2022, pp 151-170
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Summary
Abstract
School is an organization where relationships are intense, dependent, and occurring on a daily basis. The onus for shaping relationships is largely on teachers. Thus, it is of key importance to study and foster the emotional well-being of teachers in the workplace. This study aimed to explore and diagnose the psychosocial functioning of teachers faced with the changes brought about by Poland's current education reform; it also investigates relationships between personal variables (gender, age, and professional experience) and perceptions of the workplace; additionally, it was aimed at validating the School Climate Questionnaire (SCQ). The questionnaire study involved 224 teachers working at 10 elementary schools in little towns and villages across one county in the Lesser Poland. Selected outcomes demonstrate that particularly young teachers are burdened with workload and responsibilities. The study group has a positive outlook on their relationships with pupils, administrative staff, and other teachers. However, the outlook on their relationships with headmasters and parents is less positive. The same applies to their perceptions of Poland's current education reform. Further analysis reveals that the perceived school climate is shaped by their self-worth, self-agency, and self-esteem. The study suggests that young teachers (still learning the profession) and headmasters (faced with frustration and negative emotions from staff) are particularly in need of support. Both headmasters and teachers might benefit from know-how and experience in group processes. This may improve their understanding of group functioning and dynamics, regardless of the age and professional experience of group members.
Keywords: school climate, personal variables, interpersonal relationships, education reform
Klimat szkoły – perspektywa nauczycieli. Raport z badań prowadzonych w szkołach podstawowych w sytuacji reformy edukacji w Polsce Streszczenie
Szkoła jest organizacją, w której relacje miedzy uczestnikami są intensywne, codzienne i pełne zależności. Odpowiedzialność za kształtowanie relacji w znaczącej mierze spoczywa na nauczycielach. Stąd ważnym aspektem jest badanie i kształtowanie samopoczucia emocjonalnego nauczycieli w pracy. Celem prezentowanych badań była eksploracja i diagnoza funkcjonowania psychospołecznego nauczycieli w sytuacji zmiany, związanej z reformą w edukacji oraz poszukanie zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi podmiotowymi (płeć, wiek, staż pracy) a percepcją środowiska pracy oraz walidacja kwestionariusza Klimatu szkoły (SCQ).
I - Objects, spaces and practices
- Cezary Galewicz
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- Book:
- Kingdoms of Memory, Empires of Ink
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 15 July 2022
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2022, pp 27-32
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Summary
No material culture ever evolves in void. And no space can be said to remain neutral to the developments of a material culture within it. The history of the book confirms it in many respects.
In order for the social practices of reading to be constituted over a specific historical period and space, some written objects must be circulated throughout this very space. Even though in a metaphorical sense, we can think or speak of a ‘memorized book’ and accordingly of reading from such a book, especially since certain regional Brahmin communities actually embodied the transmission of the Veda, it is the material form of the book with which I am predominantly concerned here. Accordingly, the memory-orality-performance complex, essential for an understanding of Vedic textuality as a specific type, shall be examined here from the point of view of its material and spatial situatedness and the consequences of this.
To the bewilderment of the first explorers of the remnants of the socalled Maurya empire, around the time of Emperor Aśoka, in the middle of the 3rd century BC, the initial finds of rock and pillar inscriptions turned out to represent a network of inscribed objects distributed over a huge area of subcontinental scale, from the present southern Karnaṭaka state in the south to the present Afghanistan in the north-west. Although they by no means can be regarded as books, we can hardly deny their medial dimension. The network of inscriptions set up within an apparently single project, spanning a relatively short period of time, appears to have had the function of communicating a cultural-political message of ‘an empire on the rise’ to a variety of different peoples inhabiting the vast tracts of the Indian subcontinent. To put into effect this earlier unprecedented and never- -seen-before enterprise, the imperial chancellery of Aśoka had to invent and standardize a system of writing and deploy a communication network that could distribute and display in stone inscription what must have been actually composed several hundred miles away by the chancellery professionals in Aśoka's capital in Pataliputra.
Motives for Creating Open Innovation in Enterprises Operating in Poland
- Edited by Bogdan Nogalski , Piotr Buła
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- Book:
- The Future of Management
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 November 2021
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2022, pp 193-204
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Abstract
The paper discusses results of research carried out to identify the main motives/drivers for creating open innovation in enterprises operating in the Polish market. As there is no list of potential motives for creating open innovation that would be universally or generally approved by researchers, the authors propose their original classification which they have empirically validated on a group of 122 innovative companies operating in the Polish market. The obtained results have confirmed the four earlier formulated research assumptions. Firstly, internal motives more strongly encourage innovative enterprises operating in the Polish market to create open innovations than external drivers. Secondly, the industry in which a company operates does matter for the motives followed when creating open innovations. Thirdly, being part of a business group also impacts the drivers for creating open innovation. Fourthly, the size of an enterprise impacts the motives for creating open innovation.
Keywords: open innovation, innovation, innovativeness, innovation process, enterprises
Introduction
Changes that are taking place in the contemporary environment of enterprises have resulted in a situation when it is more effective to create open innovation based on cooperation with external actors rather than doing it within a closed model. The innovation process is open in the conception and commercialisation stage. The concept of open innovation is a paradigm according to which companies can and should use external as well as internal ideas in their innovation processes and internal and external paths to the market.
There is a wide variety of reasons why enterprises decide to opt for open innovation model. In the literature those reasons are referred to as “motives” or “drivers.” Since most researchers use both terms interchangeably, the authors consider them as a synonymous. This paper is aimed at identifying the main motives/drivers for creating open innovation in enterprises operating in the Polish market. Conclusions were drawn based on the results of the study carried out in 2019 on a group of 122 innovative enterprises operating in the Polish market within the framework of a research project titled “Motives and Barriers for Creating Open Innovation.”
Due to the absence of a universal list of potential motives for creating open innovation that could be generally approved by all researchers, the authors proposed their own classification that was empirically validated on a group of innovative enterprises in Poland.
Has the son outgrown his father? The life and workof Ǧaʿfar Ibn Aḥmad an-Nāṣirī as-Salāwī(1893–1980)
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Book:
- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 06 November 2021
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2022, pp 203-212
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The contemporary Moroccan historian Ǧaʿfar Ibn Aḥmadan-Nāṣirī (1893–1980) was the younger son of Aḥmadan-Nāṣirī, a renowned 19th-centuryhistorian and ʿālim,the author of the first Arabic history of Morocco.His son Aḥmad Ibn Ǧaʿfar was also a man of letters.Both were connected with the Moroccan town Salā.Ǧaʿfar an-Nāṣirī was a continuator of the greatestwork of his father, Al-Istiqṣāli-aḫbār duwal Al-Maḡrib al-Aqṣā (“Theanalysis of records on dynasties of the FarthestWest”), writing a book Al-Iḥṣāfī mā baʿd Al-Istiqṣā (“Enumeration ofwhat happened after Al-Istiqṣā”), which was a continuationof Aḥmad an-Nāṣiri's chronicle. Thus above all hetook his own way of writing and thinking, devotinghis works as to the history of his hometown Salā asto the history of Moroccan Sahara: Al-Muḥīṭ bi-al-muhimm min aḫbārṢaḥrā’ al-Maḡrib wa-Šinqīṭ (“Ocean ofrecords about Desert of Morocco and Šinqīṭ”).Unfortunately, despite he is concerned as one of themost outstanding historians of Morocco in the20th century, until recently thegreater part of his writings remained in themanuscript. The present paper is the firstpresentation of the personality and works of thiswriter and scholar in European Arabic Studies. Onthe way I will try to compare the legacy of Ǧaʿfaran- Nāṣirī with this of his father Aḥmad an-Nāṣirīand to evaluate his position within the20th-century Moroccanhistoriography.
Keywords: Ğaʻfar an-Nāṣirī, Morocco, Rabat, Salé,Western Sahara, historiography, politics
Abū al-Faḍl Ğaʻfar Ibn Aḥmad Ibn Ḫālid an-Nāṣirīas-Salāwī (biographical data source: An-Nāṣirī,2015, pp. 15–19; Ibn ʿAzzūz, 2005, pp. 17–38;Al-Marīnī, 1992; Al-Bābiṭīn ʿA.ʿ A., 2020;Al-Ǧirārī, 1985, pp. 293–297; Al-Qubāǧ, 2005, pp.98–103) was a valued historian of Morocco and apoet. He was born on 10th May 1893 (23 Šawwāl 1310 A.H.) in Salé,as the youngest son of Aḥmad Ibn Ḫālid an-Nāṣirī(1835–1897). His mother was Butūl, a daughter of afamous Moroccan ʿālimMuḥammad ʻAwād. As his father died when the boy wasonly four years old, the duties of a guardian,nurturer, and first educator were performed by hismuch older brother, Muḥammad al-ʿArabī (1877–1943)(Al-Ğirārī, 1971, pp. 128–129; Al-Bābiṭīn ʿA.ʿ A.,2018), who also wrote, including on religion andhistory.
2 - Digital genres of ZX Spectrum Demoscene
- Piotr Marecki, Yerzmyey, Robert Straka
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- Book:
- ZX Spectrum Demoscene
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 15 July 2022
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2022, pp 79-112
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Summary
Texts on the Scene
In the chapter below, we’ll take a look at the demoscene genres of the ZX Spectrum.
Demos
It is widely believed that the most important genre created on the demoscene is the demo, or a coded audio-visual presentation, in which the image, graphics, design, and music are front and center. Demosceners write demos to showcase the platform's capabilities. Hence, effects are necessary, and they are achieved thanks to graphics and music. Among the sceners, there is the conviction that music that is bad or poorly adapted to graphic effects can kill the demo. In the demos, there is less room for text; moreover, they rarely have a specific message. Most often they are just effects, that is, a message about what has been achieved in the program. The demo is also a kind of pure computer art, a genre in which the possibilities of a computer are being problematized.
In terms of these works, the ZX Spectrum scene differs from other scenes because of the use of text. The discussed platform is a computer with technical limitations, hence the sceners often decide to use the text as a visual element that helps to attract attention and compete with the effects of other platforms. Demos with lyrics are also characteristic of the Russian scene, although they also feature in demos from other countries. Demos with text are called scene poetry, although sceners themselves rarely treat their productions in terms of art or poetry.
The goal of the demo is to dazzle the audience. The demoscene and demoparties are based on competition. Graphic artists and coders therefore try to get the best possible results. It is different on the ZX Spectrum, where the productions are often glitched, unspectacular, unappealing. This type of scene poetry prevails in Russia. Perhaps the Russian sceners want to discuss the country's situation, the problems of capitalism, longing for communism.
We outline in detail an old school and a new school demo. In old school works, there are demos with text flowing (in the basic version) from one side of the screen to the other (i.e. a scroll), an image, and music plus an effect. New school demos are programs in the form of music videos or video clips with a greater amount of effects.