Measuring Behaviour An Introductory Guide

Identifying a good research question is a vital first step in any behavioural study because the question will focus the rest of the research cycle. Four logically distinct types of question can be asked about any behaviour. These concern its mechanisms, its development (or ontogeny), its function and its evolution (or phylogeny). The mechanisms underlying behaviour can be studied at many different levels, ranging from the social or physical environmental conditions that influence the behaviour down to the neural networks responsible for behavioural output. The nature of the research question will influence decisions about what species to study. Research questions are developed through a combination of approaches, including reading the literature, preliminary observations and exploratory data analysis. A research question leads to a set of hypotheses that need not be mutually exclusive but should all be testable. Each hypothesis should generate one or more specific predictions.