The Encyclopedia of European Migration and Minorities
From the Seventeenth Century to the Present

Editors

Klaus J. Bade, Universität Osnabrück
Klaus J. Bade is Professor Emeritus of Modern History at the Institute for Migration Research and Intercultural Studies (IMIS), University of Osnabrück, Germany, and Chair of the Expert Council of German Foundations on Integration and Migration, Berlin, Germany.

Pieter C. Emmer, Universiteit Leiden
Pieter C. Emmer is Professor Emeritus in the History of European Expansion at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands.

Leo Lucassen, Universiteit Leiden
Leo Lucassen is Full Professor of Social History at Leiden University, where he also coordinates the profile area 'Global Interactions: People, Culture and Power'.

Jochen Oltmer, Universität Osnabrück
Jochen Oltmer is Associate Professor for Modern History at the Institute for Migration Research and Intercultural Studies (IMIS), University of Osnabrück.

Contributors

Klaus J. Bade, Pieter C. Emmer, Leo Lucassen, Jochen Oltmer, Dirk Hoerder, Jan Lucassen, Knut Kjeldstadli, Kenneth Lunn, William J. Smyth, Frank Caestecker, Leslie Page Moch, Sylvia Hahn, Marc Vuilleumier, Federica Bertagna, Marina Maccari-Clayton, Horst Pietschmann, Michael Garleff, Dorota Praszałowicz, Hermann Zeitlhofer, Holm Sundhaussen, Richard Hellie, Frank Golczewski, Martin Papenheim, David Killingray, William D. Phillips, Jr, Sophie Dulucq, Phil Vasili, Ulrike Schuerkens, Peter Bartl, Jean-Jacques Jordi, Christian Th. Müller, Markus Walz, Nancy L. Green, Cármen Maciel, Tessa Hofmann, Stefi Jersch-Wenzel, Barbara Dietz, Mathias Beer, Abel Poitrineau, Michaël Amara, Alexander Schunka, Klaus Weber, Didier Guyvarc´h, Karen O'Reilly, Cátia Antunes, Michael Schaich, Michel Cotte, Grete Brochmann, Detlef Brandes, Dóris Pires, Volker Seresse, Claudio Bolzman, Nora Wang, Mette Thunø, Pál Nyíri, Antonella Ceccagno, Flemming Christiansen, Liang Xiujing, Nora Wang, Otto G. Schindler, Anne Morelli, Katrin Boeckh, Panikos Panayi, Monika Glettler, Jaroslav Vaculík, Andreas Wiedemann, Dušan Šimko, J. Otto Pohl, Frank Caestecker, Dagmar Freist, Annemarie Cottaar, Wim Willems, Corrie van Eijl, Joost Rosendaal, Paul A. Harris, Trude Maurer, David Feldman, Nancy L. Green, Rutvica Andrijasevic, Detlef Müller-Mahn, Nicholas Canny, Ton Hoenselaars, Wim Lefebvre, Sofie De Caigny, Erik Buyst, Ronald G. Asch, Matthew Kott, Harald Runblom, Isabel Heinemann, Christian Kesteloot, Mathis Leibetseder, Birgit Emich, Hannes Leidinger, Verena Moritz, Erich Pelzer, Gian Paolo Brizzi, Virginia O. del Rosario, Frank Caestecker, Eddy Stols, Carl Strikwerda, Ulrich Herbert, Einar Niemi, Klaus Weber, Daniel Schönpflug, Michael Schubert, Michael John, Klaus Schriewer, Claudia Curio, Erika Kuijpers, Hans-Ulrich Thamer, Mathias Beer, Stefan Manz, Hannelore Oberpenning, Barbara Henkes, Klaus Weber, Dittmar Dahlmann, Arnd Bauerkämper, Helge Heidemeyer, Karel Davids, Detlef Brandes, Márta Fata, Sergei Zhuravlev, Eckard Michels, Greta Devos, Hilde Greefs, Raingard Eßer, Hans Vermeulen, Erik-Jan Zürcher, Theodoros Lagaris, Ioannis Zelepos, Renate Zedinger, Matthias Asche, Jan Willem ten Doesschate, Roger Ballard, Halleh Ghorashi, Louis M. Cullen, Donald M. MacRaild, Margaret Ó hÓgartaigh, Patrick Fitzgerald, Laure Teulières, Michael C. Maurer, Anton Schindling, Frank Bovenkerk, Loes Ruland, René Del Fabbro, Yvonne Rieker, Markus Walz, Rolf Wörsdörfer, Marc Vuilleumier, Elda Gentili Zappi, John Zucchi, Marie-Claude Blanc-Chaléard, Günther Pallaver, Christoph von Ehrenstein, Birgit Emich, Wolfgang Benz, Yvonne Kleinmann, Diane Frost, Melvin Walker, Birgit Ammann, Einar Niemi, Rosa Aparicio Gómez, Marie-Louise Janssen, Oliver Jens Schmitt, Piet Lourens, Ulrich Mehlem, Adrian von Arburg, Stefi Jersch-Wenzel, Natasja Peeters, Henk Smeets, Dietrich Meyer, Myriam Cherti, Mohand Tilmatine, Ernst Schubert, Valeria Heuberger, Raingard Eßer, Wolfgang Nikolaus Rappert, Alison Shaw, Mark Häberlein, Felicitas Hillmann, Jens Thiel, Brian McCook, Ewa Morawska, Jerzy W. Borejsza, Husnija Kamberovic, Norbert Cyrus, Peter Widmann, Marcelo J. Borges, Cármen Maciel, Pascal Goeke, Eric Lohr, Ralph Tuchtenhagen, Karl Schlögel, Béatrice Ziegler, Silvia Bolliger, Klaus Gestwa, Michael G. Esch, Hartmut Rüdiger Peter, Gijs Kessler, Charlotte E. Haver, Martin Zürn, Annemarie Steidl, Steve Murdoch, Andreas Kossert, Jessica V. Roitman, Carl Bethke, Carolin Leutloff-Grandits, Karl Kaser, Rolf Wörsdörfer, John Foot, Hans Oversloot, Dietrich Thränhardt, Raymond Fagel, Jean-François Berdah, Martin Papenheim, Damaris Lüthi, Jan Eivind Myhre, Claudius H. Riegler, Per-Olof Grönberg, Stefan Kroll, Alain-Jacques Czouz-Tornare, Matthias Asche, Jane Helleiner, Yasemin Karakaşoğlu, Reinhold Reith, Roman Spiss, Kerstin S. Jobst, Detlef Brandes, Ida Simon-Barouh, Sanda Gruner-Domić, Olaf Beuchling, Martin Bossenbroek, Pascal Goek