1919, The Year of Racial Violence
How African Americans Fought Back

"David Krugler's 1919, The Year of Racial Violence continues the narrative of the tradition of armed resistance in the Black freedom struggle. Most of the recent scholarship on armed resistance focuses on the Civil Rights Movement. Krugler's excellent research focuses on the armed defense of the 'Red Summer' of 1919 and how Black people also utilized their newspapers and litigation strategies to assert their humanity. This is a contribution to the documentation of Black agency in the face of white supremacist violence and lynching during arguably the most dangerous period of our sojourn in the United States."
Akinyele Umoja, Georgia State University

"With meticulous research and narrative force, David Krugler has produced a brilliant account of one of the most turbulent and bloody years in American history. As he powerfully demonstrates, African Americans, in the face of horrific nationwide racial violence, used every tool at their disposal to fight back and preserve both their citizenship and humanity. 1919, The Year of Racial Violence is a landmark achievement."
Chad Williams, Brandeis University, Massachusetts

"Krugler adroitly diagrams how and why African Americans fought back during attacks by whites in the watershed year of racial violence in his study covering an important chapter in race relations in the US … it is clear that Krugler understands that there are lessons to be learned from discussing and debating the country's unpleasant past. He reveals that African Americans who literally fought to safeguard their property and lives expressed their patriotism by demanding the American dream as warranted by the Constitution. African Americans fought for democracy in Europe during World War I and expected equality when they returned. Many whites in the South and North were dismayed by this threat to the racial status quo. In addition, Krugler covers the inequity African Americans received through arrests and in the courts as compared to whites involved in the 1919 riots. Students of US history who want a better understanding of race in the twentieth-century US need to read Krugler's superb examination. Summing up: essential."
R. D. Screws, Choice

"Captivating and well written, this account details the three-pronged approach of African Americans toward [the 1919] riots: 'the fighting in the streets, the battle for truth in the press, and the struggle for justice in the courts'. In other words, they fought back in the streets, pressed for accuracy in the field of public information, and sought justice in the judicial system … The conclusion provides an excellent and impressive survey of black resistance through the 1960s, including comparisons between the armed black resistance of 1919 and the 1960s … a definitive account of racial violence in 1919 and crucial reading for those interested in the tragic race riots of that year."
Elizabeth Gritter, The American Historical Review

"In detailed and lively prose, Krugler narrates the valiant and unwavering efforts of ordinary African Americans, the black press and black churches, local chapters of the NAACP, and white allies in defense of the black community - that defied racial custom and white intimidation … charts new ground, chronicling the stories of African Americans' long tradition of armed resistance. This seminal book should find a readership among specialists, and graduate and undergraduate students."
Shannon King, The Journal of American History