Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- PART I INSTITUTIONS AND CHANGE: 1100–1200
- 1 Clerical purity and the re-ordered world
- 2 The bishops of Rome, 1100–1300
- 3 Religious poverty and the search for perfection
- 4 Monastic and religious orders, c. 1100–c. 1350
- PART II FORGING A CHRISTIAN WORLD, 1200–1300
- PART III THE ERECTION OF BOUNDARIES
- PART IV SHAPES OF A CHRISTIAN WORLD
- PART V CHRISTIAN LIFE IN MOVEMENT
- PART VI THE CHALLENGES TO A CHRISTIAN SOCIETY
- PART VII REFORM AND RENEWAL
- Select bibliography
- Index
- Map 1 Western Europe c. 1100 – c. 1500
- Map 2 Universities of Europe
- References
2 - The bishops of Rome, 1100–1300
from PART I - INSTITUTIONS AND CHANGE: 1100–1200
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- PART I INSTITUTIONS AND CHANGE: 1100–1200
- 1 Clerical purity and the re-ordered world
- 2 The bishops of Rome, 1100–1300
- 3 Religious poverty and the search for perfection
- 4 Monastic and religious orders, c. 1100–c. 1350
- PART II FORGING A CHRISTIAN WORLD, 1200–1300
- PART III THE ERECTION OF BOUNDARIES
- PART IV SHAPES OF A CHRISTIAN WORLD
- PART V CHRISTIAN LIFE IN MOVEMENT
- PART VI THE CHALLENGES TO A CHRISTIAN SOCIETY
- PART VII REFORM AND RENEWAL
- Select bibliography
- Index
- Map 1 Western Europe c. 1100 – c. 1500
- Map 2 Universities of Europe
- References
Summary
The history of the bishops of Rome in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is inseparable from their often bitter conflicts with lay rulers. The era, after all, commenced with the last phase of the Investiture Controversy and witnessed continuing quarrels with the Hohenstaufen emperors and other princes in England, Hungary, Norway, Denmark, France and Iberia, involving not only church–crown disputes, but problematic royal marriages as well. Yet, while the rhetoric of Roman supremacy over the secular state was often shrill (and never more so than in the fight with Frederick II), popes of this period were forced to accept the growing power of monarchs, whose ideological standing was considerably improved both by the study of Roman law in the twelfth century and the translation of Aristotle’s Politics in the thirteenth. Despite Gregory VII’s claim that kings were not latter-day Melchizedeks but merely ‘men of this world ignorant of God’, until Boniface VIII (c. 1294–1303) and Giles of Rome (c. 1243–1316) such strident claims were usually exchanged for compromise, a spirit already evident in the Concordat of Worms in 1122. In attempting to establish universal papal power over the regnum, the ‘Gregorian’ programme of the 1070s and 1080s by no means became a reality in the succeeding two centuries.
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- The Cambridge History of Christianity , pp. 22 - 38Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009
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