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1 - Richard II, Queen Anne, Bohemia: Marriage, Culture and Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2023

Peter Brown
Affiliation:
University of Kent, Canterbury
Jan Čermák
Affiliation:
Charles University, Prague
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Summary

This chapter discusses the impact of Richard II's marriage to Anne of Bohemia on the political and cultural history of late fourteenth-century England. It sets the marriage in the context of England's relations with the house of Luxembourg, the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia, examines its role in the formation of Richard's early regime, and assesses the scale of the Bohemian presence in England in the 1380s. It considers the role of Anne, both as image and agent, in opening England to new cultural influences and in presiding over a court that inspired poets and dismayed moralists, and explores the possible influence of imperial models on Richard's political style and ambitions as a ruler, especially his growing perception of a grandiose role in Christendom. While it argues that Anne was more a symbol than an agent of change, and acknowledges continuities in England and commonalities in princely and court culture across Europe, it also suggests that the Bohemian connection, cosmopolitan as well as Czech, was a significant ingredient in the political drama and cultural vitality of the age.

A week before Christmas 1381, a small sixteen-year-old princess came ashore at Dover. After the anxieties of the crossing, she must have been alarmed by the storm the next day that battered the ship that had carried her over. She had lost her father, the emperor Charles IV, in 1378, and was now far from home. She was not entirely alone, of course. Apart from her own entourage, she was met in Calais by English knights who had paid court to her in Prague and was escorted in Kent by a large retinue including the uncles of the fifteen-year-old Richard II, her future husband. As Kent and London were epicentres of the recent revolt in England, she may have found a lack of warmth among the populace. The marriage, pursued, it was said, ‘without the consent of the kingdom’, was not seen in England as advantageous. Far from bringing a large dowry, Anne had been bought dear, with a hefty loan to her half-brother Wenceslas (Wenzel), king of the Romans and Bohemia; a large price, the monk of Westminster wrote, for ‘tantilla carnis porcione’ [such a small piece of meat]. It would nonetheless be a mistake to assume that she played a minimal role in the politics and culture of Ricardian England.

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Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2023

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