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5 - Gene–environment interactions and inter-individual differences in rhesus monkey behavioral and biological development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 September 2009

Stephen J. Suomi
Affiliation:
National Institute of Child Health & Human Development National Institutes of Health, DHHS
Alan Fogel
Affiliation:
University of Utah
Barbara J. King
Affiliation:
College of William and Mary, Virginia
Stuart G. Shanker
Affiliation:
York University, Toronto
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Summary

Billy seemed overly fearful and shy almost from the day he was born. As an infant he usually would avoid touching novel objects, including new toys that most others his age would eagerly grab, preferring to play instead with familiar objects. He seemed uncomfortable whenever he was brought to a new place, especially if there were strangers present. When he was a toddler he seldom sought out other youngsters as playmates, and he was often reluctant to respond when they tried to play with him. These tendencies persisted throughout his childhood, and when his male peers began leaving home to start new lives after puberty, Billy remained with his family, almost as if he were afraid to leave his familiar physical and social settings.

Fletcher, by contrast, was seemingly fearless when he was a toddler and continued to be so throughout his childhood years. However, he also appeared to be highly impulsive, even reckless, in many of his interactions with family, friends, and especially strangers. When he played with others his age he often started fights that sometimes turned out to be physically violent. Not surprisingly, he was not very popular among his peers, and by late childhood many adults from other families were already treating him as if he were a menace to their community. Once he ran away from home and was gone for six weeks.

Type
Chapter
Information
Human Development in the Twenty-First Century
Visionary Ideas from Systems Scientists
, pp. 48 - 54
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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References

Bennett, A. J., Lesch, K. P., Heils, A., Long, J. C., Lorenz, J. G., Shoaf, S. E., Champoux, M., Suomi, S. J., Linnoila, M. V., and Higley, J. D. (2002). Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 118–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Champoux, M., Bennett, A. J., Lesch, K. P., Heils, A., Nielson, D. A., Higley, J. D., and Suomi, S. J. (2002). Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and neurobehavioral development in rhesus monkey neonates. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 1058–1063.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairbanks, L. A. (1989). Early experience and cross-generational continuity of mother–infant contact in vervet monkeys. Developmental Psychobiology, 22, 669–681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suomi, S. J. (1999). Attachment in rhesus monkeys. In Cassidy, J. and Shaver, P. R. (eds.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 181–197). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Suomi, S. J. (2004). How gene–environment interactions shape biobehavioral development: lessons from studies with rhesus monkeys. Research in Human Development, 1, 205–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, D. E., Coleman, K., Bacanu, S. A., Devlin, B. J., Rogers, J., Ryan, N. D., and Cameron, J. L. (2003). Heritability of fearful-anxious endophenotypes in infant rhesus macaques: a preliminary report. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 284–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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